ABSTRACT

The historiography on the François Duvalier regime in Haiti (1957–1971) tends to focus on Duvalier's wanton use of violence and generally overlooks questions of governance, stressing or inferring that Duvalier was a solitary despot. This article is resolutely revisionist and argues that Duvalier (1) did not govern alone; (2) relied primarily on an inner-circle for governance; (3) and that personal identity and intimacy, not ideology, determined the composition of this inner-circle. Paradoxically, membership in the inner-circle offered no guarantee for safety, as relations to Duvalier could shift from intimacy to hostility with staggering speed. This article's scope and methods are historiographic while using several anthropological notions on interpersonal relationships. It thus examined the bonds that shaped the composition of Duvalier's inner-circle in the course of four decades, from 1931 to 1971.

摘要

海地弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃政权（1957-1971 年）的历史编纂倾向于关注杜瓦利埃肆意使用暴力，而普遍忽视治理问题，强调或推断杜瓦利埃是一个孤独的暴君。这篇文章是坚决修正主义的，并认为杜瓦利埃（1）不是单独执政；（二）主要依靠内圈治理；(3) 个人身份和亲密关系，而不是意识形态，决定了这个内圈的构成。矛盾的是，内圈成员并不能保证安全，因为与杜瓦利埃的关系可能以惊人的速度从亲密转变为敌对。本文的范围和方法是历史性的，同时使用了几个关于人际关系的人类学概念。