ABSTRACT

Solidarity is core to Europe's societal organisation and was intensively addressed in recent research. Using data collected before and during the lockdown in spring 2020, we examine whether value orientations towards solidarity changed in three countries (Spain, Hungary, and Romania). Before the pandemic, people in Spain expressed higher solidarity than people in Hungary and Romania. Our argument claims that when facing uncertainty, people react negatively, and turn to egocentric values. However, successful state intervention decreases uncertainty and boosts solidarity. Personal experience of a crisis increases caring for others, at least in the short term. Our findings reveal increasing solidarity in Hungary and Romania and stagnant levels in Spain, thus decreasing the distance between these societies. Direct exposure to the virus and the negative experiences associated with it are related to higher solidarity but in different ways across countries. In Spain and Romania, personally knowing someone who is infected corresponds to higher levels of solidarity, while in Hungary being in confinement is associated with increased solidarity. The duration of the lockdown matters. In Romania and in Hungary, high levels of solidarity at the beginning of the lockdown decreased over time but started to increase again after several weeks into the lockdown.

抽象的

团结是欧洲社会组织的核心，最近的研究对此进行了深入研究。利用2020年春季锁定之前和锁定期间收集的数据，我们研究了三个国家（西班牙，匈牙利和罗马尼亚）面向团结的价值取向是否发生了变化。在大流行之前，西班牙的人民比匈牙利和罗马尼亚的人民表示更高的团结。我们的论据主张，当面对不确定性时，人们会做出消极反应，并转向以自我为中心的价值观。但是，成功的国家干预会减少不确定性并增强团结。危机的个人经历至少在短期内会增加对他人的关怀。我们的发现表明，匈牙利和罗马尼亚的团结不断增强，西班牙的水平停滞不前，从而缩短了这些社会之间的距离。直接接触该病毒以及与之相关的负面经验与更高的团结感有关，但各国之间的使用方式不同。在西班牙和罗马尼亚，亲自认识被感染的人意味着更高的声援水平，而在匈牙利，被囚禁会带来更高的声援水平。锁定的持续时间很重要。在罗马尼亚和匈牙利，封锁开始时的高度团结声随着时间的推移而下降，但进入封锁数周后又开始增加。锁定的持续时间很重要。在罗马尼亚和匈牙利，封锁开始时的高度团结声随着时间的推移而下降，但进入封锁数周后又开始增加。锁定的持续时间很重要。在罗马尼亚和匈牙利，封锁开始时的高度团结声随着时间的推移而下降，但进入封锁数周后又开始增加。