ABSTRACT

The paper examines how environmental degradation affects female economic inclusion. Using Generalised Least Squares (GLS) and Instrumental Variable Approach in Two-Stage Least Squares (IV-2SLS), a panel of 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa was analysed for the period 1990–2013. We observe that CO₂ emission (metric per capita), CO₂ emissions from electricity and heat, CO₂ emissions from liquid and fuel consumption, and CO₂ intensity (emission from solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and coal) appear to negatively affect female economic inclusion. This implies that environmental deterioration disproportionally affects the labour force participation of women. The paper recommends that policies that are designed to mitigate environmental pollution should also incorporate measures to address gender exclusion. This effort will not only reduce environmental vulnerability but will also create a window for women empowerment in vulnerable situations. This focus holds the potential for the attainment of SDG 5 in SSA.

摘要

该论文研究了环境退化如何影响女性的经济包容性。使用广义最小二乘法 (GLS) 和两阶段最小二乘法 (IV-2SLS) 中的工具变量方法，对 1990 年至 2013 年期间撒哈拉以南非洲的 22 个国家进行了分析。我们观察到的CO ₂排放（人均度量），CO ₂从电力和热量的排放，CO ₂从液体和燃料消耗和CO排放₂强度（木材、木炭和煤炭等固体燃料的排放）似乎对女性的经济包容性产生负面影响。这意味着环境恶化不成比例地影响了妇女的劳动力参与。该文件建议旨在减轻环境污染的政策还应包括解决性别排斥问题的措施。这项努力不仅将减少环境脆弱性，而且还将为弱势情况下的妇女赋权创造一个窗口。这一重点有可能实现 SSA 中的 SDG 5。