In recent years—particularly since the beginning of the refugee crisis in 2015—the political debate about issues of Islamophobia and resentment of Muslims has gained new momentum. Our research contributes to the growing experimental literature focusing on these phenomena. Unlike most previous empirical investigations, the present study does not examine “large scale” discrimination against Muslim minorities in situations which occur only periodically throughout an individual's life (e.g., on the rental‐, labor‐, or partner market); rather, it sheds light on (minor) discrimination events that occur on a day‐to‐day basis. Such “everyday discrimination” has been shown to be particularly detrimental to physical and psychological health. Specifically, our research examines the effect of open displays of religious identification—wearing a Muslim headscarf—on everyday discrimination against female Muslims. We report the results of two natural field experiments in Switzerland designed to examine such forms of day‐to‐day discrimination. Study 1 focuses on differential sanctioning, whereas study 2 investigates differences regarding helping behavior. We found pronounced discrimination against women wearing a headscarf in two distinctly different types of everyday interactions. In both scenarios, headscarf‐wearing confederates were treated less favorably than bare‐headed ones: they were sanctioned more often for violating the “stand right, walk left”‐norm on escalators and received less help when asking for a favor (borrowing a mobile phone for an urgent call).

中文翻译：

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揭露日常歧视。两项日常互动中歧视宗教少数群体的实地实验

近年来，特别是自 2015 年难民危机开始以来，关于伊斯兰恐惧症和对穆斯林的怨恨问题的政治辩论获得了新的动力。我们的研究为越来越多的关注这些现象的实验文献做出了贡献。与大多数以往的实证调查不同，本研究并未考察在个人一生中仅周期性发生的情况下（例如，在租赁、劳动力或合作伙伴市场上）对穆斯林少数民族的“大规模”歧视；相反，它揭示了日常发生的（轻微）歧视事件。这种“日常歧视”已被证明对身心健康特别有害。具体来说，我们的研究考察了公开展示宗教身份——戴着穆斯林头巾——对女性穆斯林日常歧视的影响。我们报告了在瑞士进行的两项自然田间实验的结果，这些实验旨在检查这种日常歧视形式。研究 1 侧重于不同的制裁，而研究 2 调查有关帮助行为的差异。我们发现，在两种截然不同的日常互动中，戴头巾的女性明显受到歧视。在这两种情况下，戴头巾的同伙比不戴头巾的同伙受到的待遇更差：他们因在自动扶梯上违反“向右站立，向左走”规范而受到更多制裁，并且在寻求帮助时得到的帮助较少（借用手机）紧急电话）。