Non-standard career paths — in which workers jump from one employment arrangement to another according to the projects they work on — have become more frequent in modern labour markets. The traditional solutions for organizing and managing work relationships and job transitions have become less effective for such workers regarding the risks of precariousness and economic dependence they may experience. Envisioning ways forward requires an appreciation of what was achieved over the past century and an understanding of what is needed to replace and adapt these achievements. Emerging solutions for managing work relationships are provided by a growing range of third-party labour market actors, but the evaluation of their contributions in the literature remains limited. In this article, we build an original theoretical framework to evaluate such contributions according to the kind of services they provide and their respective engagement in institutional innovation. We give examples of solutions developed for skilled workers in two institutional contexts: the Netherlands and Belgium and show how our framework can help distinguish at least three groups of actors that contribute to labour market development in different ways.

中文翻译：

---

嵌入式修复者、务实的实验者、敬业的活动家：评估第三方劳动力市场参与者在零工经济中针对项目型技术工人的举措

非标准的职业道路——工人根据他们从事的项目从一种就业安排跳到另一种就业安排——在现代劳动力市场中变得更加频繁。对于这些工人来说，由于他们可能经历的不稳定和经济依赖的风险，组织和管理工作关系和工作转换的传统解决方案已经变得不太有效。展望未来需要对过去一个世纪取得的成就进行评估，并了解需要什么来取代和调整这些成就。越来越多的第三方劳动力市场参与者提供了管理工作关系的新兴解决方案，但对他们在文献中的贡献的评估仍然有限。在本文中，我们建立了一个原始的理论框架，根据他们提供的服务类型和他们各自在制度创新中的参与来评估这些贡献。我们举例说明了在两个制度背景下为技术工人开发的解决方案：荷兰和比利时，并展示了我们的框架如何帮助区分至少三组以不同方式促进劳动力市场发展的参与者。