The impressions left by the vascular system on the surface of the skull, like those of the middle meningeal vessels, the dural venous sinuses, and the emissary veins, are a unique source of vascular and anatomical evidence when working with osteological collections, as is the case with bioarchaeological, forensic, and paleoanthropological investigations. Craniovascular features have been investigated in multiple modern human populations; however, no information is available on their analysis in artificially modified pre‐Hispanic Caribbean skulls. To shed light on this matter, this report provides a reference for the prevalence, characterization, and distribution of craniovascular traits using a collection of fronto‐occipital tabular oblique artificially shaped pre‐Columbian crania from Cuba (the largest archipelago in the Caribbean) as a case study. Results suggest that changes produced by intentional head‐shaping may have affected the pattern and direction of endocranial vascular structures, whereas emissary foramina placed in less‐affected areas appear to be less influenced by changes in cranial morphology. Future work will investigate the consequences of artificial modification on the cranial and endocranial vascular systems and compare them with unmodified pre‐Columbian specimens. Also, the effects of head shaping in endocranial thermoregulation should be explored in the future. Providing new knowledge about the prevalence and variation of the craniovascular traits may be useful not only in research based on osteoarcheological collections but also in medicine.

中文翻译：

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追踪古巴最大的加勒比群岛人工改造的哥伦布前颅骨的颅血管特征

血管系统在颅骨表面留下的压痕，如脑膜中段血管，硬脑膜静脉窦和发射静脉，是在进行骨科检查时独特的血管和解剖学证据来源。生物考古，法医和古人类学调查的案例。已经在多个现代人群中研究了颅血管特征。然而，在人工修饰的西班牙裔加勒比海前头骨中，没有有关其分析的信息。为了阐明这一问题，本报告提供了有关患病率，特征，案例研究使用来自古巴（加勒比海最大的群岛）的额枕叶板状倾斜人工塑造的哥伦布前颅骨颅骨的颅骨血管性状的分布和分布。结果表明，有意改变头部形状而产生的变化可能影响了颅内血管结构的方式和方向，而位于受影响较小的区域的小孔似乎受到颅骨形态变化的影响较小。未来的工作将研究人工修饰对颅和颅内血管系统的影响，并将其与未经修饰的哥伦布时期前的标本进行比较。此外，将来应探讨头部塑形在颅内温度调节中的作用。