The Job Services Australia era (2009–2015) was a distinct stage in the evolution of Australia’s employment services because it was then that "work-first" payment by results contracts, in combination with demanding "work-first" activation, resulted in "punitive activation". Experiences of this shift were collected in interviews with a small cohort of job seekers about incidents involving threat of sanction. These incidents involving threat of sanction were construed as moments where job seekers were directly exposed to the coercive authority of activation workers deployed to meet "work-first" targets. The findings show that "work-first" marketisation incentives combined with demanding "work-first" activation led to an experience of "punitive activation".

中文翻译：

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“求职者”在 Job Services Australia 中的惩罚性激活体验

澳大利亚就业服务时代（2009 年至 2015 年）是澳大利亚就业服务发展的一个独特阶段，因为那时“工作优先”的结果合同付款，结合要求“工作优先”的激活，导致“惩罚性激活”。这种转变的经验是在与一小群求职者就涉及制裁威胁的事件进行的访谈中收集的。这些涉及制裁威胁的事件被解释为求职者直接暴露于为实现“工作第一”目标而部署的激活工人的强制权威的时刻。研究结果表明，“以工作为先”的市场化激励与要求“以工作为先”的激活相结合，导致了“惩罚性激活”的体验。