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Gender Discrimination and Excess Female Under-5 Mortality in India: A New Perspective Using Mixed-Sex Twins
Demography ( IF 4.222 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 , DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00909-0
Ridhi Kashyap 1 , Julia Behrman 2
Affiliation  

Son preference has been linked to excess female under-5 mortality in India, and considerable literature has explored whether parents invest more resources in sons relative to daughters—which we refer to as explicit discrimination—leading to girls’ poorer health status and, consequently, higher mortality. However, this literature has not adequately controlled for the implicit discrimination processes that sort girls into different types of families (e.g., larger) and at earlier parities. To better address the endogeneity associated with implicit discrimination processes, we explore the association between child sex and postneonatal under-5 mortality using a sample of mixed-sex twins from four waves of the Indian National Family Health Survey. Mixed-sex twins provide a natural experiment that exogenously assigns a boy and a girl to families at the same time, thus controlling for selectivity into having an unwanted female child. We document a sizable impact of explicit discrimination on girls’ excess mortality in India, particularly compared with a placebo analysis in sub-Saharan Africa, where girls have a survival advantage. We also show that explicit discrimination weakened for birth cohorts after the mid-1990s, especially in northern India, but further weakening has stalled since the mid-2000s, thus contributing to understandings of how the micro-processes underlying the female mortality disadvantage have changed over time.

中文翻译:

印度的性别歧视和 5 岁以下女性死亡率过高:使用混合双胞胎的新视角

重男轻女与印度 5 岁以下女性死亡率过高有关,大量文献探讨了父母是否在儿子身上投入了更多资源(我们称之为明确的歧视),从而导致女孩的健康状况更差,因此,死亡率较高。然而,该文献并未充分控制隐含的将女孩分类到不同类型的家庭(例如,更大的家庭)和早产的歧视过程。为了更好地解决与隐性歧视过程相关的内生性问题,我们使用来自印度国家家庭健康调查的四波中的混合性别双胞胎样本来探索儿童性行为与 5 岁以下新生儿死亡率之间的关联。异性双胞胎提供了一个自然实验,可以将男孩和女孩同时分配给家庭,从而控制选择性地生下不想要的女孩。我们记录了显性歧视对印度女孩超额死亡率的巨大影响,特别是与女孩具有生存优势的撒哈拉以南非洲的安慰剂分析相比。我们还表明,在 1990 年代中期之后,出生队列的明确歧视减弱了,
更新日期:2020-09-25
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