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The Levels and Trends in Deep and Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1993–2016
Demography ( IF 4.222 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-15 , DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00924-1
David Brady 1, 2 , Zachary Parolin 3
Affiliation  

Recently, there has been tremendous interest in deep and extreme poverty in the United States. We advance beyond prior research by using higher-quality data, improving measurement, and following leading standards in international income research. We estimate deep (less than 20% of medians) and extreme (less than 10% of medians) poverty in the United States from 1993 to 2016. Using the Current Population Survey, we match the income definition of the Luxembourg Income Study and adjust for underreporting using the Urban Institute’s TRIM3 model. In 2016, we estimate that 5.2 to 7.2 million Americans (1.6% to 2.2%) were deeply poor and 2.6 to 3.7 million (0.8% to 1.2%) were extremely poor. Although deep and extreme poverty fluctuated over time, including declines from 1993 to 1995 and 2007 to 2010, we find significant increases from lows in 1995 to peaks in 2016 in both deep (increases of 48% to 93%) and extreme poverty (increases of 54% to 111%). We even find significant increases with thresholds anchored at 1993 medians. With homelessness added, deep poverty would be 7% to 8% higher and extreme poverty 19% to 23% higher in 2016, which suggests that our estimates are probably lower bounds. The rise of deep/extreme poverty is concentrated among childless households. Among households with children, the expansion of SNAP benefits has led to declines in deep/extreme poverty. Ultimately, we demonstrate that estimates of deep/extreme poverty depend critically on the quality of income measurement.

中文翻译:

1993-2016 年美国深度贫困和极端贫困的水平和趋势

最近,人们对美国的深度贫困和极端贫困产生了极大的兴趣。我们通过使用更高质量的数据、改进测量并遵循国际收入研究的领先标准,超越了先前的研究。我们估计 1993 年至 2016 年美国的深度(低于中位数的 20%)和极端(低于中位数的 10%)贫困。使用当前人口调查,我们匹配卢森堡收入研究的收入定义并调整使用城市研究所的 TRIM3 模型少报。2016 年,我们估计有 5.2 至 720 万美国人(1.6% 至 2.2%)极度贫困,2.6 至 370 万人(0.8% 至 1.2%)极度贫困。尽管深度和极端贫困随着时间的推移而波动,包括​​ 1993 年至 1995 年和 2007 年至 2010 年的下降,我们发现深度贫困(增加 48% 到 93%)和极端贫困(增加 54% 到 111%)都从 1995 年的低点显着增加到 2016 年的峰值。我们甚至发现阈值固定在 1993 年的中位数时显着增加。加上无家可归,2016 年深度贫困率将增加 7% 至 8%,极端贫困率将增加 19% 至 23%,这表明我们的估计可能是下限。深度/极端贫困的增加集中在无子女家庭中。在有孩子的家庭中,SNAP 福利的扩大导致深度/极端贫困的减少。最终,我们证明对深度/极端贫困的估计在很大程度上取决于收入衡量的质量。我们甚至发现阈值固定在 1993 年的中位数时显着增加。加上无家可归,2016 年深度贫困率将增加 7% 至 8%,极端贫困率将增加 19% 至 23%,这表明我们的估计可能是下限。深度/极端贫困的增加集中在无子女家庭中。在有孩子的家庭中,SNAP 福利的扩大导致深度/极端贫困的减少。最终,我们证明对深度/极端贫困的估计在很大程度上取决于收入衡量的质量。我们甚至发现阈值固定在 1993 年的中位数时显着增加。加上无家可归,2016 年深度贫困率将增加 7% 至 8%,极端贫困率将增加 19% 至 23%,这表明我们的估计可能是下限。深度/极端贫困的增加集中在没有孩子的家庭中。在有孩子的家庭中,SNAP 福利的扩大导致深度/极端贫困的减少。最终,我们证明对深度/极端贫困的估计在很大程度上取决于收入衡量的质量。SNAP 福利的扩大导致深度/极端贫困的减少。最终,我们证明对深度/极端贫困的估计在很大程度上取决于收入衡量的质量。SNAP 福利的扩大导致深度/极端贫困的减少。最终,我们证明对深度/极端贫困的估计在很大程度上取决于收入衡量的质量。
更新日期:2020-10-15
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