Recent archaeological excavations (2016–2019) in the city of Tamuda (northern Morocco) yielded evidence of commercial milling and bread-making facilities dated to the Mauretanian period (first century BC). This article presents the results of the excavation of two Mauretanian buildings (E0 7 and E0 8) in the Eastern Quarter, in which evidence for flour milling and, indirectly, the preparation of bread were found. These buildings included four rooms used for milling (with low quern-stones of the rotary, saddle, and Pompeian types), as well as warehouses (full of amphorae) and other rooms of undetermined functions. Palynological analysis has indicated the milling of cereal, peas, and faba beans, while soil micromorphology revealed the roasting of hazelnuts and raised the possibility of using fish bones for the production of fish flour. Especially relevant was the discovery of a circular clay mold decorated with a heroic fishing scene, used for the decoration of bread and pies. These elements demonstrate the chaine operatoire of bread-making—milling, dough production and decoration, and other food processing activities. This is the first time that archaeometric techniques are applied to study milling facilities in Morocco, and it is the only known association of bread stamps and pre-Roman milling facilities in North Africa.

中文翻译：

---

在 Mauretanian Tamuda（摩洛哥）碾磨谷物/豆类和冲压面包：一项跨学科研究

最近在塔姆达市（摩洛哥北部）进行的考古发掘（2016-2019 年）提供了可追溯到毛里塔尼亚时期（公元前一世纪）的商业碾磨和面包制作设施的证据。本文介绍了东区两座毛里塔尼亚建筑（E0 7 和 E0 8）的挖掘结果，其中发现了磨粉和间接制备面包的证据。这些建筑物包括四个用于铣削的房间（旋转式、马鞍式和庞培式低矮石），以及仓库（装满双耳瓶）和其他功能未定的房间。孢粉学分析表明谷物、豌豆和蚕豆的碾磨过程，而土壤微形态学揭示了榛子的烘烤过程，并提高了使用鱼骨生产鱼粉的可能性。特别相关的是发现了一个圆形的粘土模具，上面装饰着英雄捕鱼的场景，用于装饰面包和馅饼。这些元素展示了面包制作的链条操作——碾磨、面团生产和装饰，以及其他食品加工活动。这是考古测量技术首次应用于研究摩洛哥的碾磨设施，它是北非唯一已知的面包邮票和前罗马碾磨设施的关联。