I treat despotism as a virtual concept. Thus it is necessary to expose its actualizations even when it appears as its opposite, refusing to recognize itself as despotism. I define despotism initially as arbitrary rule, in terms of a monstrous transgression of the law. But since the monster is grounded in its very formlessness, it cannot be demonstrated. However, one can always try to de-monstrate it through disagreements. In doing this, I deal with despotism not as a solipsistic undertaking but as part of a constellation that always already contains two other elements: economy and voluntary servitude. I give three different – ancient, early modern and late modern – accounts of this nexus, demonstrating how despotism continuously takes on new appearances. I conclude, in a counter-classical prism, how the classical nexus has evolved in modernity while the focus gradually shifted towards another triangulation: neo-despotism, use and dissent.

我将专制视为一个虚拟的概念。因此，即使它看起来相反，也有必要揭露其实现，拒绝承认自己是专制主义。就法律的严重违背而言，我最初将专制主义定义为任意规则。但是由于怪物是基于其无形的，所以无法证明。然而，人们总是可以通过分歧来证明它。在此过程中，我将专制主义不是作为一项固执的事业，而是作为一个星座的一部分来处理的，该星座始终已经包含其他两个要素：经济和自愿奴役。我给出了这种联系的三种不同的解释-古代，早期现代和晚期现代-展示了专制主义如何不断呈现出新的面貌。我得出一个反古典的结论，