This article examines factors and root causes of dilemma and environmental governance challenges in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. Since the Renovation (Đổi Mới) period, there has been an accelerating growth of craft villages and industrial clusters in rural areas. While these processes contribute to creating jobs, increasing rural income, and assuaging rural–urban migration pressures, little attention is devoted to environmental effects they have caused at the village level. Drawing on case studies in the Red River Delta and desk reviews, this study suggests that rural industrialization has witnessed rapid expansion of craft villages and intense market competition among them, leading to environmental pollution and resource depletion. Although the Vietnamese government has issued directives and environmental laws to regulate and control environmental pollution, the situations remain unabated. This study calls for sound environmental policies to sustain the operation of craft villages while ensuring the effective governance of rural industrialization.

中文翻译：

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越南红河三角洲的农村工业化和环境治理挑战

本文探讨了越南红河三角洲面临的困境和环境治理挑战的因素和根本原因。自改建（Đổi Mới）时期以来，农村地区的手工艺村和产业集群加速发展。虽然这些过程有助于创造就业机会、增加农村收入和缓解农村向城市迁移的压力，但很少关注它们在村庄层面造成的环境影响。本研究借鉴红河三角洲的案例研究和案头审查，表明农村工业化见证了手工艺村的快速扩张和激烈的市场竞争，导致环境污染和资源枯竭。虽然越南政府已经出台指令和环境法来规范和控制环境污染，但情况仍然有增无减。本研究呼吁制定健全的环境政策，以维持手工艺村的运营，同时确保农村工业化的有效治理。