Drawing on Treadmill of Production (ToP) and Just Transition (JT) theories, the article proposes a comparative analysis of the labour/environment nexus, evident across Europe and epitomized in the case of the Italian industrial relations system. The research shows continuity between ToP and JT. Despite ToP being the dominant logic of collective action during much of the modern (post-Second World War) industrial era, a long wave of JT can be identified from the late 1960s, as Italian union struggles for decent and healthier working environments contributed to making production processes more sustainable for the broader environment and communities far beyond the workplace. This long wave of JT is nowadays reinforced and made more visible by an explicit integration of labour and environmental protection through collective bargaining and social partnerships. In many cases, however, labour and capital interests still prevail over environmental ones and new dimensions of ToP emerge in the JT era.

本文以生产跑步机（ToP）和公正过渡（JT）理论为基础，提出了对劳动力/环境关系的比较分析，这种关系在整个欧洲都很明显，在意大利的劳资关系系统中就是典型的例子。研究表明，ToP和JT之间具有连续性。尽管在现代（第二次世界大战后）工业时代的大部分时间里，TOP是集体行动的主要逻辑，但从1960年代后期开始，JT浪潮就可以确定了，因为意大利工会为体面和健康的工作环境而奋斗的原因是生产过程对于工作场所以外的更广泛的环境和社区而言更具可持续性。如今，通过集体谈判和社会伙伴关系将劳工与环境保护明确结合起来，JT的这一漫长浪潮得到了加强，并变得更加明显。但是，在许多情况下，劳动力和资本利益仍然高于环境利益，并且在日本烟草业时代出现了ToP的新领域。