The high co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and physical child abuse suggests that studying these forms of aggression simultaneously, bidirectionally, and longitudinally is critical. Guided by family systems theory, this study examined parent-child aggression (PCA) risk, IPV victimization, and child behavior problems as reported by mothers and fathers when their child was 18 months and at 4 years old, to evaluate whether negative processes can transmit across family subsystems (i.e., spillover hypothesis) and/or across individuals (i.e., crossover hypothesis). Results indicated that mothers’ PCA risk predicted their subsequent IPV victimization and their reported child behavior problems (i.e., spillover effects) as well as fathers’ reported IPV victimization (i.e., crossover effect). Maternal reports of child behavior problems also predicted mothers’ reported IPV victimization and fathers’ reported child behavior problems, indicating child-driven effects. Overall, mothers rather than fathers appear more vulnerable to harmful spillover effects. Findings underscore the need for early prevention and intervention given the complex, transactional nature of family violence.

亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV) 和身体虐待儿童的高度同时发生表明，同时、双向和纵向研究这些形式的攻击是至关重要的。本研究以家庭系统理论为指导，考察了父母在孩子 18 个月和 4 岁时报告的亲子攻击 (PCA) 风险、IPV 受害和儿童行为问题，以评估负面过程是否可以传播跨家庭子系统（即溢出假设）和/或跨个体（即交叉假设）。结果表明，母亲的 PCA 风险预测了他们随后的 IPV 受害和他们报告的儿童行为问题（即溢出效应）以及父亲报告的 IPV 受害（即交叉效应）。母亲报告的儿童行为问题也预测了母亲报告的 IPV 受害和父亲报告的儿童行为问题，表明儿童驱动的影响。总体而言，母亲而不是父亲似乎更容易受到有害溢出效应的影响。鉴于家庭暴力的复杂性和交易性质，研究结果强调了早期预防和干预的必要性。