Disappearance of the established security paradigm of Kemalist state has not helped to create strong institutions and legal-bureaucratic structures that are supposed to prevent a certain political elite to dominate the political system and criminalize its adversaries by security reasons. Instead, survival concerns and political will of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has become replacement of the established paradigm. This has created a systemic crisis. On the one hand, the AKP has played the role of a regular political party, which is supposed to have equal rights and privileges with other players in the game. On the other hand, the AKP has been the tutelary actor that determines what national security is and who threatens national security. As a result of this picture, the AKP has exploited its monopoly over securitization to eliminate the criticisms of the opposition groups. Therefore, any political party or political group has not been viewed as a national security threat only if it has not threatened the political survival of the AKP. Such a crisis has also affected the AKP’s approach toward the Kurdish question. Unlike the established paradigm’s allergy toward the political demands of Kurds due to its commitment to nation-state principle, the AKP’s fluctuated policy toward the Kurds resembles to a political party’s survival strategy rather than a policy stemming from a consistent national security paradigm.

中文翻译：

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国家在土耳其库尔德问题上的角色转变：从一致监护到不稳定证券化

凯末尔国家既定安全范式的消失无助于建立强大的机构和法律官僚结构，这些机构和法律官僚结构旨在防止某些政治精英主宰政治体系，并出于安全原因将其对手定罪。相反，正义与发展党（AKP）的生存关切和政治意愿已经取代了既定的范式。这造成了系统性危机。一方面，正发党扮演了一个普通政党的角色，应该与游戏中的其他玩家享有平等的权利和特权。另一方面，正义与发展党一直是决定什么是国家安全以及谁威胁国家安全的监护人。由于这张照片，正发党利用其对证券化的垄断来消除反对派团体的批评。因此，任何政党或政治团体只有在没有威胁到正发党的政治生存的情况下，才不会被视为国家安全威胁。这样的危机也影响了正发党对待库尔德问题的态度。不同于既定范式因其对民族国家原则的承诺而对库尔德人的政治诉求的过敏，正发党对库尔德人的波动政策类似于政党的生存战略，而不是源于一致的国家安全范式的政策。这样的危机也影响了正发党对待库尔德问题的态度。不同于既定范式因其对民族国家原则的承诺而对库尔德人的政治诉求的过敏，正发党对库尔德人的波动政策类似于政党的生存战略，而不是源于一致的国家安全范式的政策。这样的危机也影响了正发党对待库尔德问题的态度。不同于既定范式因其对民族国家原则的承诺而对库尔德人的政治诉求的过敏，正发党对库尔德人的波动政策类似于政党的生存战略，而不是源于一致的国家安全范式的政策。