The 2016 presidential contest is widely considered as the first “social media election” in the Philippines. At the same time, it remains unclear if or how social media helped Rodrigo Duterte mobilize voters to gain victory. There are three main social media campaigning models: broadcast, grassroots, and self-actualizing. Analysis of twenty million activities and 39,942 randomly sampled comments across the official Facebook pages of key presidential candidates supports the grassroots model as Duterte's profile was the most engaged, even if Duterte himself was not actively engaged. Such inconsistencies raise the prospect that Duterte's online prominance was fabricated by paid trolls and fake accounts. Instead, our analysis suggests that Duterte's digital fanbase was, at least in part, a reflection of offline, grassroots political support. In particular, data from an original survey of 621 respondents suggests that Duterte supporters were not only aggressive in their support for Duterte online, they were also more committed to him offline as well. These findings add to a growing literature on social media and politics that seeks to understand the broader ecosystem of online political discourse, rather than focusing on the actions and strategies of political campaigns. They also underscore the fine line between fabricated support and genuine political fervor.

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强大的粉丝，弱小的竞选活动：2016 年菲律宾大选中的社交媒体和杜特尔特

2016 年总统竞选被广泛认为是菲律宾的第一次“社交媒体选举”。与此同时，尚不清楚社交媒体是否或如何帮助罗德里戈·杜特尔特动员选民赢得胜利。有三种主要的社交媒体竞选模式：广播、草根和自我实现。对主要总统候选人官方 Facebook 页面上 2000 万次活动和 39,942 条随机抽样评论的分析支持草根模式，因为杜特尔特的个人资料参与度最高，即使杜特尔特本人并未积极参与。这种不一致增加了杜特尔特在网上的知名度是由付费喷子和虚假账户捏造的可能性。相反，我们的分析表明，杜特尔特的数字粉丝群至少部分反映了线下的草根政治支持。特别是，对 621 名受访者的原始调查数据表明，杜特尔特的支持者不仅在线上积极支持杜特尔特，他们在线下也更加支持他。这些发现增加了越来越多的关于社交媒体和政治的文献，这些文献旨在了解更广泛的在线政治话语生态系统，而不是关注政治运动的行动和策略。他们还强调了捏造的支持和真正的政治热情之间的细微差别。这些发现增加了越来越多的关于社交媒体和政治的文献，这些文献旨在了解更广泛的在线政治话语生态系统，而不是关注政治运动的行动和策略。他们还强调了捏造的支持和真正的政治热情之间的细微差别。这些发现增加了越来越多的关于社交媒体和政治的文献，这些文献旨在了解更广泛的在线政治话语生态系统，而不是关注政治运动的行动和策略。他们还强调了捏造的支持和真正的政治热情之间的细微差别。