Diversification and intensification of cropping systems are of interest due to the potential for increased farm income. However, yield and profitability of multi‐crop systems need to be understood, especially in northern environments where the growing season is short. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield and profitability of monocrop (MC), relay‐intercrop (RI), and double‐crop (DC) systems. A 3‐yr field study was conducted in northwest Ohio with nine cropping systems, including winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), red clover (Trifolium pretense L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.) grown in MC, RI, and DC systems. System yield was calculated by summing crop yield within a cropping year. Cropping system profitability was estimated by subtracting costs that varied across treatments from gross revenue. Winter wheat + RI red clover had the highest system yield (11.1–11.4 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). However, profit was the greatest with wheat planted in wide row (38 cm row width) + RI red clover cropping system ($1,252 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) followed by wheat planted in narrow row (19 cm row width) + RI red clover ($1,140 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and MC soybean ($919 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). This suggests that producers interested in diversifying their cropping systems may increase profitability with a winter wheat + RI red clover system, provided there is a market for red clover forage. However, if producers do not have a market for red clover, the MC soybean system would offer greatest profitability and reduce workload compared with a multi‐crop system.

中文翻译：

---

单，中继和双作系统对产量和获利能力的影响

由于有可能增加农业收入，因此种植系统的多样化和集约化引起了人们的关注。但是，需要了解多作系统的产量和获利能力，尤其是在生长季节短的北部环境中。这项研究的目的是评估单作（MC），间作（RI）和双作（DC）系统的产量和获利能力。在俄亥俄州西北部进行了为期3年的田间研究，使用了九种作物系统，包括冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.），红三叶草（Trifolium pretense L.），大豆（Glycine max L.）和燕麦（Avena sativa）L.）生长在MC，RI和DC系统中。系统产量是通过将一个种植年度内的作物产量相加得出的。作物系统的获利能力是通过从总收入中减去因处理而异的成本来估算的。冬小麦+ RI红三叶草的最高系统产量（11.1-11.4 Mg ha ^-1  yr ^-1）。然而，以宽行（38厘米行宽）+ RI红三叶草种植系统（$ 1,252 ha ^-1  yr ^-1）种植小麦，然后以窄行（19厘米行宽）+ RI红三叶草种植小麦，利润最大。（$ 1,140公顷- ¹ 年^-1）和MC大豆（$ 919公顷- ¹ 年^-1）。这表明，如果有红三叶草饲草的市场，那么对多样化农作物系统感兴趣的生产者可以利用冬小麦+ RI红三叶草系统来提高盈利能力。但是，如果生产者没有红三叶草的市场，与多作系统相比，MC大豆系统将提供最大的利润并减少工作量。