Generating random numbers is important for many real-world applications, including cryptography, statistical sampling and Monte Carlo simulations. Quantum systems subject to a measurement produce random results via Born’s rule, and thus it is natural to study the possibility of using such systems in order to generate high-quality random numbers. However, current quantum devices are subject to errors and noise, which can make the output bits deviate from the uniform distribution. In this work, we propose and analyse two protocols that can be used to increase the uniformity of the bits obtained when running a circuit with a Hadamard gate and a measurement in a noisy quantum computer. These protocols may be used prior to other standard processes, such as randomness amplification. We conduct experiments on both a quantum simulator and a real quantum computer, obtaining results that suggest that these protocols are useful to improve the probability of the generated bits passing statistical tests for uniformity.

生成随机数对于许多实际应用非常重要，包括密码术，统计采样和蒙特卡洛模拟。进行测量的量子系统会通过Born规则产生随机结果，因此自然而然地研究使用此类系统生成高质量随机数的可能性。但是，当前的量子器件容易受到误差和噪声的影响，这可能会使输出位偏离均匀分布。在这项工作中，我们提出并分析了两种协议，可以用来提高使用哈达玛德门运行电路和在有噪量子计算机中进行测量时获得的比特的一致性。可以在其他标准过程（例如随机性扩增）之前使用这些协议。