Quercus vulcanica, an endemic species with scattered distribution, and Q. frainetto are naturally distributed in Turkey. Although they have been reported as closely related species, Q. vulcanica differs from Q. frainetto in the longer petioles and the leaves evenly distributed along the shoots. Knowledge of the amount and distribution of genetic variation in the species and potential hybridization with related species is crucial for the conservation of the species. Therefore, the aims of the study were to analyze leaf morphological and stomatal variation, and to assess patterns of genetic variation at 3 gSSR and 17 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers within and between four Q. vulcanica and two Q. frainetto populations sampled from Turkey. Based on canonical discriminant and principal component analyses, petiole length, petiole ratio and number of lobes mainly accounted for the discrimination between Q. vulcanica and Q. frainetto . The means of stomatal densities for Q. vulcanica and Q. frainetto were 810 and 862 stomata per mm 2 , respectively. The mean genetic differentiation between Q. frainetto and Q. vulcanica at 20 microsatellite loci was very low ( F ST = 0.047). Two loci, 2P24 ( F ST = 0.119, P = 0.003) and PIE102 ( F ST = 0.127, P < 0.000), showed comparatively high interspecific differentiation and were identified as outlier loci. Genetic assignment analyses and discriminant analyses based on phenotypic traits assigned most individuals to the one or the other species. Further studies including more populations and genome-wide markers are necessary to assess the level of adaptive genetic variation and potential introgression between Q. vulcanica and other related species.

中文翻译：

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Quercus vulcanica 和 Q. frainetto 自然种群的形态和遗传变异

Quercus vulcanica 是一种分布分散的地方性物种，Q. frainetto 自然分布于土耳其。虽然它们被报告为密切相关的物种，但 Q. vulcanica 与 Q. frainetto 的不同之处在于更长的叶柄和沿枝条均匀分布的叶子。了解物种遗传变异的数量和分布以及与相关物种的潜在杂交对于物种保护至关重要。因此，本研究的目的是分析叶片形态和气孔变异，并评估四个 Q. vulcanica 和两个 Q. frainetto 种群内部和之间的 3 gSSR 和 17 个表达序列标签 (EST)-SSR 标记的遗传变异模式从土耳其取样。基于典型判别和主成分分析，叶柄长度，叶柄比例和裂片数主要解释了 Q. vulcanica 和 Q. frainetto 之间的区别。Q. vulcanica 和 Q. frainetto 的气孔密度平均值分别为 810 和 862 个气孔/mm 2 。Q. frainetto 和 Q. vulcanica 在 20 个微卫星位点的平均遗传差异非常低 (F ST = 0.047)。两个基因座 2P24 (F ST = 0.119, P = 0.003) 和 PIE102 (F ST = 0.127, P < 0.000) 表现出相对较高的种间分化，并被确定为异常基因座。遗传分配分析和基于表型特征的判别分析将大多数个体分配给一个或另一个物种。包括更多种群和全基因组标记在内的进一步研究对于评估 Q. 之间的适应性遗传变异和潜在基因渗入的水平是必要的。