ABSTRACT In the eighteenth century, public statuary shifted from the commemoration of princes to the celebration of ‘great men’: men, less so women, who had excelled in the arts and sciences, on the battlefield or in the political-administrative realm. Reflecting ancient and Renaissance virtue ethics, these public recognitions of virtuous behaviour (exempla virtutis) were intended to encourage emulation in order to rally the nation to the revolutionary and Napoleonic war effort. This article analyses the gradual nationalization of the exempla virtutis in early nineteenth-century Italy and Germany. It retraces the creation of spaces to commemorate great men and charts the changing biographies of those selected for inclusion in the Roman Pantheon and Walhalla respectively. The article argues that rather than overcoming national divisions the eclectic selection of ‘great men’ actually functioned as a magnifying glass for tensions within the nation, thus undermining the very notion of a ‘national monument’.

中文翻译：

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并非平行生活：德国和意大利传统的Exempla Virtutis

摘要在18世纪，公众形象从对王子的纪念转向了对“伟大男人”的庆祝：在艺术和科学，战场或政治行政领域表现出色的男人，而不是女人。反映了古代和文艺复兴时期的美德伦理，这些对道德行为的公开认可（示例性的典范）旨在鼓励模仿，以使该国团结起来参加革命和拿破仑式的战争。本文分析了十九世纪初意大利和德国的典范鉴赏家的逐渐国有化。它追溯了纪念伟人的空间的创建，并绘制了分别被选入罗马万神殿和瓦尔哈拉的人们的传记变化图。