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Integration of Smartphones into Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems to Sense Water in Soil by Using Reflected GPS Signals
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing ( IF 5.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2020.3041162
Mehmet Kurum , Md. Mehedi Farhad , Ali Cafer Gurbuz

We investigate the feasibility of using built-in GNSS sensors within ubiquitous smartphone devices from a small UAS for the purpose of land remote sensing. We summarize the experimental findings and challenges that need to be resolved in order to perform the GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique via smartphones. In late 2018, a series of experiments were conducted and designed by integrating two smartphones into a multicopter UAS by attaching them to ground plates to isolate and record both direct and reflected GNSS carrier-to-noise density ratio ($C/N_0$) separately. It was demonstrated that, first, fluctuations of moving GNSS specular reflections are correlated with spatial ground features with appreciable dynamic range and second, radiation pattern of the smartphone's inbuilt antenna has a significant effect on the received signal strength. In 2020, more experiments were conducted to examine the quality of in-built chip and antenna of a smartphone with regard to the GNSS-R approach as well as the consistency of measurements. These follow-up experiments involved, first, placement of the smartphone on a pan-tilt mechanism on a tripod, second, formation flights with smartphone on a gimbal and a high-quality custom-built dual-channel GNSS-R receiver, and, third, flying the UAS at different times of the day on two consecutive days. It was demonstrated that, first, the radiation pattern of the smartphone's GNSS antenna are observed to be highly irregular, but time-invariant, and, second, internal GNSS chip produces observables of sufficient quality, and, third, the fluctuations of the reflected signal are repeatable under the same configuration at different times.

中文翻译:

将智能手机集成到小型无人机系统中,通过使用反射 GPS 信号感知土壤中的水分

我们研究了在来自小型 UAS 的无处不在的智能手机设备中使用内置 GNSS 传感器进行陆地遥感的可行性。我们总结了通过智能手机执行 GNSS 反射计 (GNSS-R) 技术需要解决的实验结果和挑战。在 2018 年底,通过将两部智能手机连接到多旋翼无人机系统中,将它们连接到接地板以分别隔离和记录直接和反射 GNSS 载噪比 ($C/N_0$) 进行和设计了一系列实验. 结果表明,首先,移动 GNSS 镜面反射的波动与具有可观动态范围的空间地面特征相关,其次,智能手机内置天线的辐射模式对接收信号强度有显着影响。2020 年,将进行更多实验,以检查智能手机内置芯片和天线在 GNSS-R 方法方面的质量以及测量的一致性。这些后续实验包括,首先,将智能手机放置在三脚架上的云台装置上,其次,将智能手机放在万向节和高质量定制双通道 GNSS-R 接收器上进行编队飞行,以及,第三,连续两天在一天的不同时间飞行无人机。已经证明,首先,智能手机的 GNSS 天线的辐射模式被观察到非常不规则,但不随时间变化,其次,内部 GNSS 芯片产生足够质量的可观测值,第三,反射信号的波动在不同的时间在相同的配置下是可重复的。进行了更多实验,以检查智能手机内置芯片和天线的质量与 GNSS-R 方法以及测量的一致性。这些后续实验包括,首先,将智能手机放置在三脚架上的云台装置上,其次,将智能手机放在万向节和高质量定制双通道 GNSS-R 接收器上进行编队飞行,以及,第三,连续两天在一天的不同时间飞行无人机。已经证明,首先,智能手机的 GNSS 天线的辐射模式被观察到非常不规则,但不随时间变化,其次,内部 GNSS 芯片产生足够质量的可观测值,第三,反射信号的波动在不同的时间在相同的配置下是可重复的。进行了更多实验,以检查智能手机内置芯片和天线的质量与 GNSS-R 方法以及测量的一致性。这些后续实验包括,首先,将智能手机放置在三脚架上的云台装置上,其次,将智能手机放在万向节和高质量定制双通道 GNSS-R 接收器上进行编队飞行,以及,第三,连续两天在一天的不同时间飞行无人机。已经证明,首先,智能手机的 GNSS 天线的辐射模式被观察到非常不规则,但不随时间变化,其次,内部 GNSS 芯片产生足够质量的可观测值,第三,反射信号的波动在不同的时间在相同的配置下是可重复的。
更新日期:2021-01-01
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