Coastal area constitutes a vulnerable environment and requires special attention to preserve ecosystems and human activities therein. To this aim, many studies have been devoted both in past and recent years to analyzing the main factors affecting coastal vulnerability and susceptibility. Among the most used approaches, the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) accounts for all relevant variables that characterize the coastal environment dealing with: (i) forcing actions (waves, tidal range, sea-level rise, etc.), (ii) morphological characteristics (geomorphology, foreshore slope, dune features, etc.), (iii) socio-economic, ecological and cultural aspects (tourism activities, natural habitats, etc.). Each variable is evaluated at each portion of the investigated coast, and associated with a vulnerability level which usually ranges from 1 (very low vulnerability), to 5 (very high vulnerability). Following a susceptibility/vulnerability analysis of a coastal stretch, specific strategies must be chosen and implemented to favor coastal resilience and adaptation, spanning from hard solutions (e.g., groins, breakwaters, etc.) to soft solutions (e.g., beach and dune nourishment projects), to the relocation option and the establishment of accommodation strategies (e.g., emergency preparedness).

中文翻译：

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沿海敏感性/脆弱性表征和适应策略：综述

沿海地区构成脆弱的环境，需要特别注意保护其中的生态系统和人类活动。为了实现这一目标，过去和近年来，许多研究致力于分析影响沿海脆弱性和敏感性的主要因素。在最常用的方法中，沿海脆弱性指数（CVI）涵盖了表征沿海环境的所有相关变量，这些变量涉及：（i）强迫行为（海浪，潮汐范围，海平面上升等），（ii）形态特征（地貌，前滨坡度，沙丘特征等），（iii）社会经济，生态和文化方面（旅游活动，自然栖息地等）。每个变量都在调查海岸的每个部分进行评估，并与通常从1（非常低的漏洞）到5（非常高的漏洞）的漏洞级别相关联。在对海岸带进行敏感性/脆弱性分析之后，必须选择并实施特定的策略以支持海岸的抵御能力和适应能力，从硬解决方案（例如，腹股沟，防波堤等）到软解决方案（例如，海滩和沙丘营养项目） ），搬迁选项和制定住宿策略（例如，应急准备）。