Abstract

On 16 September 2014, Indonesian lawmakers unanimously agreed to ratify the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP), becoming the last ASEAN member state to ratify. Eight of the 10 member states had ratified by 2006, and nine had ratified by 2010. Although the ratification bill reached the Indonesian Parliament during the 2000s, it was always disapproved. This article seeks to re-examine Indonesia’s lengthy delay and address its long-awaited ratification. Accordingly, we build on Robert Putnam’s theory of ratification from two-level game theory and develop a framework for analysing delayed ratifications. Although the negotiated AATHP was ‘soft’ and thus low-cost for domestic stakeholders, key domestic stakeholders had little appetite for ratification and limited substantive pressure came from neighbouring governments during the 2000s. However, in the context of heightened public concern and calls for government action and positive palm oil industry responses to international pressures, persistent international pressure and measures during the 2010s, particularly from Singapore, provided parliamentarians with enough incentive to symbolically ratify the agreement. Addressing Indonesia’s delayed ratification is important in understanding ASEAN’s ongoing struggle to combat transboundary haze pollution and offers a useful case study in the still-developing area of ratifications in the environmental regime formation literature.

摘要

2014 年 9 月 16 日，印度尼西亚立法者一致同意批准《东盟跨界雾霾污染协定》（AATHP），成为最后一个批准的东盟成员国。10 个成员国中有 8 个在 2006 年批准了，9 个在 2010 年批准了。尽管批准法案在 2000 年代到达了印度尼西亚议会，但它总是被拒绝。本文旨在重新审视印度尼西亚的长期拖延并解决其期待已久的批准问题。因此，我们以罗伯特·普特南 (Robert Putnam) 的两级博弈论的批准理论为基础，并开发了一个分析延迟批准的框架。尽管谈判达成的 AATHP 是“软”的，因此对国内利益相关者来说成本低，主要的国内利益攸关方对批准几乎没有兴趣，而且在 2000 年代来自邻国政府的实质性压力有限。然而，在公众高度关注和呼吁政府采取行动以及棕榈油行业积极应对国际压力的背景下，2010 年代持续的国际压力和措施，特别是来自新加坡的压力和措施，为议员提供了象征性批准该协议的足够动力。解决印度尼西亚的延迟批准问题对于理解东盟正在与跨界雾霾污染作斗争的持续斗争非常重要，并在环境制度形成文献中仍在发展中的批准领域提供了有用的案例研究。在公众高度关注和呼吁政府采取行动以及棕榈油行业积极应对国际压力的背景下，2010 年代持续的国际压力和措施，特别是来自新加坡的压力和措施，为议员们提供了象征性地批准该协议的足够动力。解决印度尼西亚的延迟批准问题对于理解东盟正在与跨界雾霾污染作斗争的持续斗争非常重要，并在环境制度形成文献中仍在发展中的批准领域提供了有用的案例研究。在公众高度关注和呼吁政府采取行动以及棕榈油行业积极应对国际压力的背景下，2010 年代持续的国际压力和措施，特别是来自新加坡的压力和措施，为议员们提供了象征性地批准该协议的足够动力。解决印度尼西亚的延迟批准问题对于理解东盟为打击跨界雾霾污染而进行的持续斗争非常重要，并在环境制度形成文献中仍在发展中的批准领域提供了有用的案例研究。