ABSTRACT

Lebanon is a laboratory of cultural and territorial mobilities. The civil war caused the emergence of communal cultures and diverse modalities of locals/visitors encounters dependent on locals’ religions and visitors’ origins, and to the submission of territorial development to geopolitical interventions. This paper focuses on an empirical approach that determines cultural dynamics, tourism encounters, and mobilities as fundamental pillars of territory development in two Lebanese cities with different religious backgrounds, Christian in Byblos and Muslim in Baalbek. The discursive analysis of documentation reveals the focus of local, national, and international actors in both cities on the valorization of archaeological sites with the inclination of the local actors towards inclusive development. 264 and 245 qualitative surveys distributed to locals and visitors in Byblos and Baalbek respectively and analyzed statistically disclose their perceptions oriented primarily towards cultural tourism, with leisure tourism emerging in Byblos and religious tourism prospering in Baalbek. The discourses of multilevel actors and the surveys reveal that the degree of consensus between actors, locals, and visitors on cultural, touristic, and territorial dimensions is more significant in Byblos than in Baalbek. This paper points out the impacts of locals’ religions, locals/visitors encounters, and geopolitical issues on the mobilization of territories.

摘要

黎巴嫩是文化和领土流动的实验室。内战导致了社区文化的出现和当地人/游客遭遇的不同方式，这取决于当地人的宗教和游客的起源，以及领土发展服从地缘政治干预。本文侧重于一种实证方法，该方法将文化动态、旅游接触和流动性确定为具有不同宗教背景的两个黎巴嫩城市（比布鲁斯的基督教和巴勒贝克的穆斯林）领土发展的基本支柱。对文献的论述分析揭示了两个城市的地方、国家和国际行动者都关注考古遗址的价值提升，而当地行动者则倾向于包容性发展。分别向比布鲁斯和巴勒贝克的当地人和游客分发了 264 和 245 份定性调查，并通过统计分析揭示了他们主要面向文化旅游的看法，休闲旅游在比布鲁斯出现，宗教旅游在巴勒贝克蓬勃发展。多层次参与者的话语和调查显示，参与者、当地人和游客之间在文化、旅游和领土方面的共识程度在比布鲁斯比在巴勒贝克更为重要。本文指出了当地人的宗教信仰、当地人/游客的遭遇以及地缘政治问题对领土动员的影响。随着休闲旅游在比布鲁斯兴起，宗教旅游在巴勒贝克蓬勃发展。多层次参与者的话语和调查显示，参与者、当地人和游客之间在文化、旅游和领土方面的共识程度在比布鲁斯比在巴勒贝克更为重要。本文指出了当地人的宗教信仰、当地人/游客的遭遇以及地缘政治问题对领土动员的影响。随着休闲旅游在比布鲁斯兴起，宗教旅游在巴勒贝克蓬勃发展。多层次参与者的话语和调查显示，参与者、当地人和游客之间在文化、旅游和领土方面的共识程度在比布鲁斯比在巴勒贝克更为重要。本文指出了当地人的宗教信仰、当地人/游客的遭遇以及地缘政治问题对领土动员的影响。