Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings

In light of recent debate over upzonings and leveraging markets as means of expanding housing opportunity, I review the evolution of exclusionary zoning practices in the United States and provide an intellectual history of scholars’ research into these practices. In the context of early 20th-century racial and class tension, American elites coveted the ability to use the states’ police powers to sort out cities by housing type and gained this ability with legislative and judicial support for local land use zoning schemes that controlled residential densities and building forms. Many 20th-century U.S. planners upheld the resulting socially sorted city as an ideal outcome of good zoning practice. But in the postwar decades, a new breed of equity-focused advocacy planner sought to address racial ghettoization by using zoning reforms and other measures to open exclusive areas to low- and moderate-income housing. Wider shifts in housing policy since the 1970s and the increasing attention of economic scholarship to the myriad impacts of American zoning practices have, however, diluted the original equity-focused agenda of exclusionary zoning scholarship.

Takeaway for practice

Given the need for a common effort against business-as-usual zoning in the United States, planners can assert the ethics of the planning profession in debates about American zoning practices. Scholarly and professional efforts to dismantle exclusionary zoning can return to their roots in housing advocacy, becoming one part of a multipronged agenda aimed at expanding housing opportunity by a variety of means.

中文翻译：

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排他性分区

摘要

问题，研究策略和发现

鉴于最近有关升级分区和利用市场作为扩大住房机会的手段的争论，我回顾了美国排他性分区做法的演变，并提供了学者们对这些做法进行研究的知识史。在20世纪初种族和阶级紧张的背景下，美国精英们渴望利用州的警察权力按房屋类型对城市进行分类，并获得立法和司法支持，以支持控制住宅的地方土地使用分区计划，从而获得这种能力。密度和建筑形式。许多20世纪的美国规划师认为，将这座经过社会归类的城市视为良好分区实践的理想成果。但是在战后的几十年中，一位以权益为重点的新型倡导计划者试图通过使用分区改革和其他措施为中低收入住房开放专属区域来解决种族隔离问题。自1970年代以来，住房政策发生了更广泛的变化，经济学者越来越关注美国分区做法的各种影响，这削弱了最初以公平为中心的排他性分区奖学金议程。

外卖练习

考虑到在美国需要采取常规措施以防止一切照旧的分区，规划人员可以在有关美国分区实践的辩论中维护规划专业的道德。旨在消除排他性分区的学术性和专业性努力可以重新回到住房倡导的根源，成为旨在通过各种方式扩大住房机会的多管齐下议程的一部分。