ABSTRACT

The impact and effects of protracted refugee camps on their host environments in East Africa has been the subject of much academic attention since the late 1990s. Such camps are often viewed as exclusionary spaces that isolate refugees from their host societies. Recent analyses, however, posit such camps as hybrid spaces, with fluid boundaries, that provide socio-economic opportunities and are potential drivers of development. Less thinking has gone into how forms of (humanitarian) governance emanate from such camps and impact their host environments. This paper is based on ethnographic research in and around refugee camps in Kenya and Tanzania. Grounded in a spatial analysis of camp development processes, this paper explores the notion of ‘humanitarian spill-over’. It argues that camps’ specific governmental processes and bureaucratic power come to co-govern and co-shape socio-spatial relations beyond the boundaries of the camp and the initial targets of humanitarian concern. By analysing the socio-spatial effects of long-term humanitarian governance, this paper contributes to, debates about camps as hybrid spaces and locates experiments with developmental approaches to camp environments in East Africa in a history of a more organic process of spill-over. We show how the spill-over is increasingly posited as intention rather than effect.

摘要

自1990年代后期以来，旷日持久的难民营对其东非收容环境的影响和影响一直是学术界关注的主题。这类难民营通常被视为排斥难民和难民的地方。然而，最近的分析将这样的阵营假定为具有流动边界的混合空间，它们提供了社会经济机会，并且是发展的潜在驱动力。对于这种营地如何产生（人道主义）治理形式并影响其收容环境的思考很少。本文基于肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚难民营及其周围的人种学研究。本文基于对难民营发展过程的空间分析，探索“人道主义溢出”的概念。它认为，难民营的特定政府程序和官僚权力在难民营和人道主义关注的最初目标之外，共同管理和共同塑造社会空间关系。通过分析长期人道主义治理的社会空间影响，本文为营地作为混合空间的辩论做出了贡献，并在具有更有机溢出效应的历史中对东非营地环境的发展方法进行了试验定位。我们展示了溢出是如何越来越多地被视为意图而非效果。