Abstract

The national resistance movement that emerged in Anatolia and Thrace immediately after the end of World War I and that was eventually successful in overturning the peace settlement imposed on the Ottoman Empire by the victorious Entente, has become such an important part of the history of the emergence of the Turkish nation state, that it is studied almost exclusively in that context: as republican prehistory. As a result almost no effort has been made to locate it within the major global developments of the era. This article tries to remedy this by analysing statements coming out of the resistance leadership over the years 1918-1921 to establish where it fits the ideological currents of the day. It concludes that four major inputs can be discerned: loyalty to the Ottoman monarchy and state; Muslim nationalism; Wilsonian self-determination, and Boslevik-inspired anti-imperialism. These influences were not mutually exclusive. Apart from being influenced by contemporary ideological currents, the National Movement was also an influencer: as a movement to preserve an existing state (and not to create or carve out a new one) it was also a pioneer of the revisionist movements of the interbellum that aimed to undo the Paris peace arrangements.

Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2020.1858061.

摘要

第一次世界大战结束后立即在安纳托利亚和色雷斯发起的民族抵抗运动，最终成功地击败了胜利的协约国对奥斯曼帝国施加的和平解决方案，现已成为这种崛起历史的重要组成部分土耳其民族国家，几乎是在这种情况下进行研究的：共和史前史。结果，几乎没有做出任何努力将其定位在那个时代的全球主要发展中。本文试图通过分析1918-1921年间反抗领导层的言论来弥补这一点，以确立它适合当今的意识形态潮流。结论是可以看出四个主要的投入：对奥斯曼君主制和国家的忠诚；对奥斯曼君主制和国家的忠诚。穆斯林民族主义；威尔逊式的自决，以及受波斯利维克（Boslevik）启发的反​​帝国主义。这些影响不是相互排斥的。除了受到当代意识形态潮流的影响之外，民族运动还是一个影响者：作为维护现有状态（而不是创造或创造出一个新状态）的运动，它也是动臂间修正主义运动的先驱，旨在取消巴黎和平安排。

可以在https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2020.1858061上在线获取本文的补充数据。