ABSTRACT Over several decades, African Americans built a robust national civil rights movement that culminated in the mid-1960s. Activists secured fundamental legal and voting rights, but their opponents, as well as many of their allies, defeated attempts at making economic rights part of the movement. Economic rights were paramount to Black people throughout the nation, especially so in the Northeast, where many national victories had little practical impact. New York City, home to a number of the country’s civil rights organizations and leading theorists, as well as the strongest labor movement in the nation, demonstrates the limits of what activists were able to achieve. During these years of profound legal and legislative victories, Black workers saw their status decline and futures narrow. Racial income inequality grew, and economic changes impacted Black workers much more so than their white counterparts. The city’s administration in the fifties and sixties made many promises to its Black residents but little concrete progress. In disregarding demands for economic justice nationwide, white politicians and officials, liberal, moderate and conservative, perpetuated a growing crisis in employment, with impacts in education, mental and physical health and quality of life, the legacies of which endure very much through today.

中文翻译：

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胜利时代的衰落：1960 年代纽约市的黑人工人

摘要 几十年来，非裔美国人建立了强大的全国民权运动，并在 1960 年代中期达到顶峰。激进主义者获得了基本的法律和投票权，但他们的反对者以及他们的许多盟友挫败了将经济权利纳入运动的尝试。经济权利对全国的黑人来说至关重要，尤其是在东北部，那里的许多国家胜利几乎没有实际影响。纽约市是美国许多民权组织和主要理论家的所在地，也是全国最强大的劳工运动的所在地，这表明活动家能够实现的目标是有限的。在这些年深刻的法律和立法胜利中，黑人工人看到了他们的地位下降和前途渺茫。种族收入不平等加剧，和经济变化对黑人工人的影响比对白人工人的影响要大得多。五十年代和六十年代，该市的行政部门向黑人居民做出了许多承诺，但几乎没有具体进展。白人政治家和官员，无论是自由派、温和派还是保守派，无视全国经济正义的要求，使日益严重的就业危机长期存在，对教育、身心健康和生活质量产生影响，这些影响一直延续到今天。