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Employment trajectories until midlife associate with early social role investments and current work-related well-being
Advances in Life Course Research ( IF 5.548 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 , DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100391
Ellen Ek 1 , Leena Ala-Mursula 2 , Regina García Velázquez 3 , Asko Tolvanen 4 , Katariina Salmela-Aro 5
Affiliation  

Applying social investment theory (SIT), we examined whether employment trajectories until midlife, with differential investments in education and employment, are associated with social investments during early life and with work-related well-being in midlife, with a special reference to potential differences between self-employment and paid work. In the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n = 6496; 2963 men, 3533 women), life-history calendars from age 16–45 were used to determine the respondents’ yearly employment statuses (student, full-time employee, part-time employee, self-employed, unemployed, on parental leave, on sabbatical leave or otherwise not working). Latent class analysis was used to identify the employment trajectories. The associations of these trajectories with indicators of social investments in early life (mother’s attitude to financial self-reliance, father’s socioeconomic status, own success at school) and work-related well-being at age 46 (job satisfaction, life satisfaction, absence of retirement thoughts, work engagement, work favoring attitude and perceived job control) were studied using regression models and analyses of variance, adjusting for life situation at age 46. We identified five employment trajectories for both genders: 1) traditional full-time, 2) highly educated, 3) self-employed, 4) delayed full-time and 5) floundering employees. In early life, a mother emphasizing self-reliance in earning one’s living was associated with both highly educated and self-employed trajectories. A white-collar father and own success at school preceded a highly educated trajectory. A farmer family background preceded self-employed trajectory. At age 46, highly educated and self-employed trajectories were associated with highest well-being at work, while those floundering perceived their work most negatively. Men in the delayed full-time employment trajectory reported better well-being at age 46 than those constantly floundering. Overall, the macroeconomic employment rates were unevenly reflected in the five trajectories. Our findings support SIT by showing that the employment trajectories most favorable for work-related well-being in midlife are long rooted in social investments during early life and characterized by further social investments in employment, such as higher education and self-employment.



中文翻译:

中年之前的就业轨迹与早期社会角色投资和当前工作相关的幸福感相关

应用社会投资理论 (SIT),我们研究了中年之前的就业轨迹,以及对教育和就业的不同投资,是否与早年的社会投资和中年的工作相关福祉相关,并特别提到了潜在差异在个体经营和有偿工作之间。在 1966 年芬兰北部出生队列(n = 6496;2963 名男性,3533 名女性)中,使用 16-45 岁的生活历史日历来确定受访者每年的就业状况(学生、全职员工、兼职员工) 、个体经营者、失业者、休育儿假、休假或因其他原因未工作)。潜在类别分析用于确定就业轨迹。这些轨迹与早年社会投资指标(母亲对经济自力更生的态度、父亲的社会经济地位、自己在学校的成功)和 46 岁时与工作相关的幸福感(工作满意度、生活满意度、缺乏退休想法、工作投入、工作偏好态度和感知工作控制)使用回归模型和方差分析进行研究,并根据 46 岁时的生活状况进行调整。我们确定了两种性别的五种就业轨迹:1) 传统全职,2)受过高等教育,3) 自雇人士,4) 推迟全职工作和 5) 陷入困境的员工。在早年生活中,强调自力更生谋生的母亲与受过高等教育和自雇的轨迹有关。一位白领父亲和自己在学校的成功先于受过高等教育的轨迹。农民家庭背景先于个体经营者的轨迹。在 46 岁时,受过高等教育和个体户的轨迹与最高的工作幸福感相关,而那些挣扎的人则认为他们的工作最消极。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。农民家庭背景先于个体经营者的轨迹。在 46 岁时,受过高等教育和个体户的轨迹与最高的工作幸福感相关,而那些挣扎的人则认为他们的工作最消极。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。农民家庭背景先于个体经营者的轨迹。在 46 岁时,受过高等教育和个体户的轨迹与最高的工作幸福感相关,而那些挣扎的人则认为他们的工作最消极。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。受过高等教育和自雇人士的轨迹与工作中的最高幸福感相关,而那些陷入困境的人则认为他们的工作最消极。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。受过高等教育和自雇人士的轨迹与工作中的最高幸福感相关,而那些陷入困境的人则认为他们的工作最消极。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。处于延迟的全职就业轨迹中的男性在 46 岁时的幸福感要好于那些不断挣扎的人。总体而言,宏观经济就业率在五个轨迹中的反映并不均衡。我们的研究结果支持 SIT,表明最有利于中年工作相关福祉的就业轨迹长期植根于早年的社会投资,其特点是对就业的进一步社会投资,如高等教育和个体经营。

更新日期:2021-02-28
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