Purpose

The article presents an empirical analysis that evaluates the effects of a systemic corruption scandal on the demand in the short and the long run. In 2006, the Calciopoli scandal uncovered the match rigging in the Italian soccer first division. The exemplary sportive sanction of relegating the primary culprit to the second division imposed further negative externalities on the other clubs. Should we prefer the sportive sanction on the team or the monetary fines for the club?

Design/methodology/approach

We estimated two log-linear models of the demand side (stadium attendance) using a fixed effect estimator, on two panel data set made of all the Italian soccer clubs in the first and second division (Serie A and Serie B) for the seasons 2004/2005 to 2009/2010, considering the relegation of the Juventus as the event which impacted the demand for soccer.

Findings

Relegating Juventus to Serie B caused an immediate decrease of 18.4% in the attendance for all the teams, both in Serie A and in Serie B, for the three seasons considered, and 1% decrease when all the seasons are considered to measure the fallout of the scandal on the fans' disaffection.

Originality/value

The effect of corruption in sport on demand is an important issue, and there are few studies already published. As for sports economics and management, our results are of interest for sport-governing bodies – as a case study that can help in designing a more effective sanctioning system to prevent corruption episodes.

中文翻译：

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腐败对体育需求的影响

目的

本文提供了一项实证分析，评估了系统腐败丑闻对短期和长期需求的影响。2006年，Calciopoli丑闻揭露了意大利足球甲级联赛的比赛索具。将主要罪魁祸首降级为第二级别的示例性体育制裁措施，对其他俱乐部产生了进一步的负面外部影响。我们应该选择对球队实行体育制裁还是对俱乐部处以罚款？

设计/方法/方法

我们使用固定效应估算器估算了需求侧（体育场出勤率）的两个对数线性模型，该模型基于2004年第1季和第2季（意甲和意乙）所有意大利足球俱乐部的两个面板数据集/ 2005年至2009/2010年，考虑到尤文图斯的降级影响了对足球的需求。

发现

在上述三个赛季中，将尤文图斯降级为乙级联赛，意甲和乙级所有球队的出勤率立即减少了18.4％，而考虑所有季节来衡量尤文图斯的后果，则减少了1％。球迷不满的丑闻。

创意/价值

体育腐败对需求的影响是一个重要的问题，很少有研究发表。至于体育经济学和管理学，我们的研究结果对体育管理机构很有意义-作为一个案例研究，可以帮助设计一个更有效的制裁系统来预防腐败事件。