Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by three primary symptoms hyperactivity, attention deficit, and impulsiveness, observed in both children and adults. In childhood, this disorder is more common in boys than in girls, and at least 75% will continue to suffer from the disorder until adulthood. Individuals with ADHD generally have poor academic, occupational, and social functioning resulting from developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity, as well as impaired ability to maintain attention on motivationally relevant tasks. Very few drugs available in clinical practice altogether abolish the symptoms of ADHD therefore, to find new drugs and target it is essential to understand the neuropathological, neurochemical, and genetic alterations which lead to progression of ADHD. With this contrast, an animal study is the best approach because animal models provide relatively fast invasive manipulation, rigorous hypothesis testing, as well as it provides a better angle to understand the pathological mechanisms involved in disease progression. Moreover, animal models, especially for ADHD, serve with good predictive validity would allow the assessment and development of new therapeutic interventions, with this aim, the present review collect the various animal models on the single platform so that the research can select an appropriate model to pursue his study.

中文翻译：

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注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 动物模型

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种异质性神经精神障碍，其特征在于三个主要症状多动、注意力缺陷和冲动，在儿童和成人中均观察到。在儿童时期，这种疾病在男孩中比在女孩中更常见，至少 75% 的人会继续患有这种疾病直到成年。患有 ADHD 的人通常在学业、职业和社会功能方面表现不佳，原因是发育上不适当的多动和冲动水平，以及保持对与动机相关的任务的注意力的能力受损。临床实践中很少有药物可以完全消除 ADHD 的症状，因此，要找到新的药物和靶向药物，了解神经病理学、神经化学、和导致 ADHD 进展的基因改变。相比之下，动物研究是最好的方法，因为动物模型提供了相对快速的侵入性操作、严格的假设检验，并且提供了一个更好的角度来了解疾病进展所涉及的病理机制。此外，动物模型，特别是多动症，具有良好的预测效度，可以评估和开发新的治疗干预措施，为此，本综述在单一平台上收集各种动物模型，以便研究可以选择合适的模型继续他的学习。并且它提供了一个更好的角度来理解疾病进展所涉及的病理机制。此外，动物模型，特别是多动症，具有良好的预测效度，可以评估和开发新的治疗干预措施，为此，本综述在单一平台上收集各种动物模型，以便研究可以选择合适的模型继续他的学习。并且它提供了一个更好的角度来理解疾病进展所涉及的病理机制。此外，动物模型，特别是多动症，具有良好的预测效度，可以评估和开发新的治疗干预措施，为此，本综述在单一平台上收集各种动物模型，以便研究可以选择合适的模型继续他的学习。