Abstract There are two types of measurement models: reflective and formative. Kyle and Jun critiqued that while past leisure constraints studies assumed the reflective model, the formative counterpart may better fit extant measures; this was empirically supported by Kono, Ito, and Loucks-Atkinson. The purpose of this short research note is to extend this key methodological discussion to the realm of constraint negotiation, another important construct in the leisure constraint theory. We present theoretical reasons why existing negotiation measures may be formatively modeled (e.g., non-interchangeable items). Then, we analyzed two data sets (n = 618 and 218, respectively) in the context of leisure-time physical activities using confirmatory tetrad analysis in partial least squares. Our results showed that parts of negotiation measures followed the formative model, while the majority fit the reflective model. We theorize that these mixed results are influenced by factors including negotiation types and population characteristics.

中文翻译：

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休闲体育活动情境下休闲约束协商的测量模型：反思性还是形成性？

摘要 有两种类型的测量模型：反射式和形成式。Kyle 和 Jun 批评说，虽然过去的休闲约束研究假设了反思模型，但形成性的对应物可能更适合现有的措施；这得到了 Kono、Ito 和 Loucks-Atkinson 的经验支持。这篇简短的研究笔记的目的是将这一关键的方法论讨论扩展到约束协商领域，这是休闲约束理论中的另一个重要结构。我们提出了为什么现有的谈判措施可以形成模型（例如，不可互换的项目）的理论原因。然后，我们使用偏最小二乘法中的验证四分体分析在休闲时间体育活动的背景下分析了两个数据集（分别为 n = 618 和 218）。我们的结果表明，部分谈判措施遵循形成模型，而大多数符合反思模型。我们的理论是，这些混合结果受谈判类型和人口特征等因素的影响。