In Spain's last colony, Western Sahara, both efforts by the colonial power to stimulate development and the negative impacts of colonisation intensified between the end of the Ifni-Sahara War (1957–58) and the Spanish withdrawal in 1975. Spanish economical and geopolitical interests triggered an important industrial and urban development of the territory. Cities such as Laayoune, Villa Cisneros, Smara, and the Bou Craa phosphate deposits were to showcase Spanish modernising colonial policies.However, the effects of war, the control of colonial frontiers, and severe droughts during the 1960s strongly affected Sahrawi society. In this context, the Spanish colonial state developed new forms of control over the Sahrawi population, which included the progressive (forced) settling of nomadic people around military posts and Spanish cities, bringing about the adoption of new economic paradigms. Not only did the Francoist government distribute subsidies, both money and goods; it furthermore implemented policies aimed at controlling the Sahrawi way of life, particularly in the areas of hygiene, education, and gender relations. The essay analyses these “carrot-and-stick” strategies at the intersection of colonial control and forced sedentarisation with regard to the implementation of a market-oriented economy in Western Sahara.

中文翻译：

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西班牙撒哈拉地区的暴力和社会变革现代化（1957-1975）

在西班牙的最后一个殖民地西撒哈拉，在伊夫尼-撒哈拉战争（1957-58 年）结束和 1975 年西班牙撤军之间，殖民势力刺激发展的努力和殖民化的负面影响都加剧了。 西班牙的经济和地缘政治利益引发了境内重要的工业和城市发展。阿尤恩 (Laayoune)、西斯内罗斯别墅 (Villa Cisneros)、斯马拉 (Smara) 和布克拉 (Bou Craa) 磷酸盐矿床等城市将展示西班牙现代化的殖民政策。然而，1960 年代战争的影响、殖民边界的控制和严重干旱对撒哈拉社会产生了强烈影响。在此背景下，西班牙殖民国家发展了对撒哈拉人口的新控制形式，其中包括在军事哨所和西班牙城市周围逐步（强迫）安置游牧民族，导致采用新的经济范式。佛朗哥政府不仅发放补贴，包括金钱和商品；它还实施了旨在控制撒哈拉人生活方式的政策，特别是在卫生、教育和性别关系领域。本文分析了在殖民控制和强制定居的交叉点上的这些“胡萝卜加大棒”策略，以在西撒哈拉实施以市场为导向的经济。