When the Huascaran National Park in the Peruvian highlands was established in 1975, consultation with the local comundidades campesinas (peasant communities) was limited. While no consent was sought or given, prior to park establishment, post-facto attempts to include the surrounding communities in the conservation efforts have produced diverse responses from the local population. This paper reviews the history of this process by discussing three distinct cases in which the Huascaran National Park has devised strategies for negotiating the legitimacy of its control over park resources with neighbouring comunidades campesinas. In examining these park-community dynamics from the standpoint of control over the aesthetic and productive values of natural resources and territory, the article explores the emergence of authority and the exercise of power in conservation. We argue that within the Huascaran National Park, different modalities of governance exist partially and simultaneously, and that conservation conjunctures are historically conditioned sedimentations that continuously shape the park-people relationship. This leads the park to appear as both a paper park and fortress-style conservation entity in different sites and moments. The paper highlights the problem of creating consent post facto in defining the use of landscapes, thereby underscoring the importance of a grounded and historically specific analysis of attempts to create social inclusion in processes framed as development.

中文翻译：

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保护紧要关头：在秘鲁的Huascarán国家公园举行的比赛和环境同意

1975年在秘鲁高地建立瓦斯卡兰国家公园时，与当地社区（农民社区）的磋商非常有限。尽管没有征求同意，但在建立公园之前，事后尝试将周围社区纳入保护工作已引起当地居民的不同反应。本文通过讨论三个不同的案例来回顾这一过程的历史，在这些案例中，Huascaran国家公园制定了策略，以与邻近的社区成员商讨其控制公园资源的合法性。从控制自然资源和领土的美学和生产价值的角度研究这些公园社区的动态，本文探讨了保护中权威的出现和权力的行使。我们认为，在瓦斯卡兰国家公园内，部分和同时存在着不同的治理模式，而且保护地带是历史条件下的沉积物，不断塑造着公园与人的关系。这导致公园在不同的地点和时刻既像纸公园，又像堡垒式的保护实体。该论文强调了在定义景观的使用后事后建立同意的问题，从而强调了在发展框架内建立社会包容性尝试的扎根和历史特定分析的重要性。不同的治理模式部分同时存在，并且保护连接点是历史条件下的沉积物，不断形成公园与人之间的关系。这导致公园在不同的地点和时刻既像纸公园，又像堡垒式的保护实体。该论文强调了在定义景观的使用后事后建立同意的问题，从而强调了在发展框架内建立社会包容性尝试的扎根和历史特定分析的重要性。不同的治理模式部分同时存在，并且保护连接点是历史条件下的沉积物，不断形成公园与人之间的关系。这导致公园在不同的地点和时刻既像纸公园，又像堡垒式的保护实体。该论文强调了在定义景观的使用后事后建立同意的问题，从而强调了在发展框架内建立社会包容性尝试的扎根和历史特定分析的重要性。