Adil Ahmad Haque argues that before attacking, combatants must reasonably believe that the target is a combatant and the gains must be sufficiently great so as to be in compliance with the doing/allowing distinction. I reformulate the threshold as preponderance of the evidence, because (1) reliance on beliefs raises conceptual and pragmatic problems, and (2) this balance appropriately considers the values that should be traded off, while bracketing aggregation of persons. I further argue that including doing/allowing above the threshold is impermissible double-counting, and even if not, it is entitled to little weight when combatants owe each other associative duties.

中文翻译：

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战争中的道义区分

阿迪尔·艾哈迈德·哈克 (Adil Ahmad Haque) 认为，在攻击之前，战斗人员必须合理地相信目标是一名战斗人员，并且收益必须足够大，以符合做/允许的区别。我将阈值重新表述为证据的优势，因为 (1) 对信念的依赖会引发概念和实际问题，以及 (2) 这种平衡适当地考虑了应该权衡的价值，同时将人群聚集在一起。我进一步认为，包括超过阈值的做/允许是不允许的重复计算，即使不是，当战斗员彼此负有关联义务时，它也没有多少权重。