This article analyzes approaches to nondeterminacy (e.g., incommensurability, indeterminacy, parity) that suggest that one can make justified choices when primary criteria fail to fully determine a best alternative by introducing a secondary criterion. It is shown that these approaches (in the article called “two-step models”) risk violating Basic Contraction Consistency. Some ways of adjusting two-step models in order to protect against this are addressed, and it is suggested that proponents of two-step models should adopt formal conditions which qualify what counts as a permissible secondary criterion that resemble supervaluationist conditions that qualify what counts as admissible precisifications of vague terms.

中文翻译：

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不确定性、两步模型和合理选择

本文分析了非确定性的方法（例如，不可通约性、不确定性、均等性），这些方法表明，当主要标准无法通过引入次要标准完全确定最佳替代方案时，人们可以做出合理的选择。结果表明，这些方法（在文章中称为“两步模型”）有违反基本收缩一致性的风险。解决了调整两步模型以防止这种情况发生的一些方法，并建议两步模型的支持者应采用形式条件，将什么算作一个允许的次要标准，类似于超估价条件，将什么算作限定模糊术语的可接受的精确性。