Actualists hold that contrary-to-duty scenarios give rise to deontic dilemmas and provide counterexamples to the transmission principle, according to which we ought to take the necessary means to actions we ought to perform. In an earlier article, I have argued, contrary to actualism, that the notion of ‘ought’ that figures in conclusions of practical deliberation does not allow for deontic dilemmas and validates the transmission principle. Here I defend these claims, together with my possibilist account of contrary-to-duty scenarios, against Stephen White’s recent criticism.

中文翻译：

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违背职责情景、道义困境和传输原则

现实主义者认为，违背职责的情景会引起道义困境，并为传递原则提供反例，根据该原则，我们应该采取必要的手段来采取我们应该采取的行动。在较早的一篇文章中，我与现实主义相反，认为在实践审议的结论中出现的“应该”概念不允许出现道义困境，并验证了传递原则。在这里，我针对斯蒂芬怀特最近的批评，为这些主张以及我对违反职责情况的可能主义描述进行辩护。