1 The Swiss pastor Johann Caspar Lavater promoted the discipline of physiognomics in the 1770s as a scientific method to gain a better understanding of humankind. He considered the case of Socrates the physiognomic scandal: Why did this philosopher, the wisest and noblest of men, look like a satyr and thus subhuman? Today not many would consider physiognomics a scientific approach; still, what Lavater considered a scandal remains a puzzle, even though his question should be asked in slightly different terms. The physiognomy of Socrates—as both described in Plato’s and Xenophon’s works each titled Symposium and depicted in Socrates’s sculptured portraits—is an artifact, not a product of nature; therefore, the pertinent question is not why Socrates looked like a satyr but rather why he was made to look like one. From this perspective further questions arise: who made this choice (because it must have been a deliberate choice)? Under what circumstances and with what purpose? These questions are precisely what we will try to answer in this paper. Our primary evidence is certainly first rate: we have two very famous and highly influential texts written by two eminent personalities,

中文翻译：

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苏格拉底代表：为什么他看起来像一个色狼？

1 瑞士牧师约翰·卡斯帕·拉瓦特 (Johann Caspar Lavater) 在 1770 年代推广了相貌学学科，将其作为一种科学方法来更好地了解人类。他认为苏格拉底的案例是相貌丑闻：为什么这位哲学家，最聪明和最高贵的人，看起来像一个色狼，因此是非人类的？今天，没有多少人会认为面相学是一种科学方法。尽管如此，拉瓦特认为的丑闻仍然是一个谜，尽管他的问题应该以稍微不同的方式提出。苏格拉底的相貌——正如柏拉图和色诺芬的作品中所描述的那样，每部题为“研讨会”，并在苏格拉底的雕塑肖像中描绘——是一种人工制品，而不是自然的产物；因此，相关的问题不是为什么苏格拉底看起来像一个色狼，而是为什么他看起来像一个色狼。从这个角度来看，进一步的问题出现了：谁做出了这个选择（因为它一定是一个深思熟虑的选择）？在什么情况下，出于什么目的？这些问题正是我们将在本文中尝试回答的问题。我们的主要证据当然是一流的：我们有两个著名人物撰写的两篇非常有名且影响力很大的文本，