John Graunt's pioneering study, Natural and Political Observations Made upon on the Bills of Mortality (1662) has been overlooked as a source for ideas about the importance of child mortality in an urban environment. Graunt seems to have been the first to arrive at an infant mortality rate (IMR), but this has been little explored. Graunt helped to define ‘the urban penalty’, but not in terms of the IMR. The article explains Graunt's focus on other aspects of urban mortality in relation to his need to reassure those in government, his methodology, and above all his gender. For context, the article looks at attitudes to childhood among members of the influential Hartlib circle of reformers, with which Graunt was connected. These male writers were greatly concerned about children, but seem to have shared with Graunt the traditional idea that children under the age of about seven were the responsibility of women.

中文翻译：

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约翰·格劳特、哈特利布圈和 17 世纪中叶伦敦的儿童死亡率

约翰·格劳特 (John Graunt) 的开创性研究《关于死亡率的自然和政治观察》（1662 年）作为关于城市环境中儿童死亡率重要性的思想来源而被忽视。Graunt 似乎是第一个得出婴儿死亡率 (IMR) 的人，但对此鲜有探讨。Graunt 帮助定义了“城市惩罚”，但不是根据 IMR。这篇文章解释了 Graunt 对城市死亡率的其他方面的关注，以及他需要让政府官员放心，他的方法，尤其是他的性别。在上下文方面，本文着眼于有影响力的 Hartlib 改革者圈子成员对童年的态度，Graunt 与之相关。这些男作家非常关心孩子，