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Toward a History of Rights in the City at Night: Making and Breaking the Nightly Curfew in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro
Comparative Studies in Society and History ( IF 1.016 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-01 , DOI: 10.1017/s0010417519000422
Amy Chazkel

During much of the nineteenth century, Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian capital, was under a selective curfew that made it a crime to be in the city's public spaces after dark. The curfew bent normal rules and attenuated supposedly universal rights, overtly discriminating between people on the basis of class and race. Rules that legally defined the nighttime did not come from any national statute, or from newly independent Brazil's liberal Constitution (1824) or its Criminal Code (1830). Instead, Rio's nocturnal sociolegal world was the product of police edicts, on-the-ground policing practice, and city ordinances. It also emerged from the actions of people who used the darker hours for work, play, and resistance against oppression, especially members of the city's immense enslaved population and the growing number of free persons of African descent. In other words, this is a phenomenon of urban governance that allows, and indeed forces us to look beyond the nineteenth-century nation-state to understand the exercise of power at a local level. This article explores how the curfew established patterns and means of limiting the basic freedom to move about the city. It was at night when both the necessity and fragility of what jurists in Brazil called the “freedom to come and go” came into view. The daily transition between day and night enacted juridical changes that, although invisible at the national level, fundamentally shaped the social categories that determined people's places in society in ways that historical research has yet to explore.

中文翻译:

迈向夜晚城市权利的历史:制定和打破 19 世纪里约热内卢的夜间宵禁

在 19 世纪的大部分时间里,巴西首都里约热内卢实行选择性宵禁,因此在天黑后进入该市的公共场所是犯罪行为。宵禁扭曲了正常规则,削弱了所谓的普世权利,公然根据阶级和种族歧视人们。在法律上定义夜间的规则并非来自任何国家法规,也不是来自新独立的巴西自由宪法(1824 年)或其刑法典(1830 年)。相反,里约的夜间社会法律世界是警察法令、实地警务实践和城市法令的产物。它也来自那些利用黑暗时间工作、娱乐和反抗压迫的人的行为,尤其是城市成员的行为。大量的被奴役人口和越来越多的非洲裔自由人。换句话说,这是一种城市治理现象,它允许并确实迫使我们超越 19 世纪的民族国家来理解地方层面的权力行使。本文探讨了宵禁如何建立模式和方法来限制在城市中移动的基本自由。到了晚上,巴西法学家们所称的“来来去去的自由”的必要性和脆弱性开始显现。白天和黑夜之间的日常转变促成了法律变化,虽然在国家层面上是看不见的,但从根本上塑造了社会类别,这些社会类别以历史研究尚未探索的方式决定了人们在社会中的位置。这是一种城市治理现象,它允许并确实迫使我们超越 19 世纪的民族国家,了解地方一级的权力行使。本文探讨了宵禁如何建立模式和方法来限制在城市中移动的基本自由。到了晚上,巴西法学家们所称的“来来去去的自由”的必要性和脆弱性开始显现。白天和黑夜之间的日常转变促成了法律变化,虽然在国家层面上是看不见的,但从根本上塑造了社会类别,这些社会类别以历史研究尚未探索的方式决定了人们在社会中的位置。这是一种城市治理现象,它允许并确实迫使我们超越 19 世纪的民族国家,了解地方一级的权力行使。本文探讨了宵禁如何建立模式和方法来限制在城市中移动的基本自由。到了晚上,巴西法学家们所称的“来来去去的自由”的必要性和脆弱性开始显现。白天和黑夜之间的日常转变促成了法律变化,虽然在国家层面上是看不见的,但从根本上塑造了社会类别,这些社会类别以历史研究尚未探索的方式决定了人们在社会中的位置。本文探讨了宵禁如何建立模式和方法来限制在城市中移动的基本自由。到了晚上,巴西法学家们所称的“来来去去的自由”的必要性和脆弱性开始显现。白天和黑夜之间的日常转变促成了法律变化,虽然在国家层面上是看不见的,但从根本上塑造了社会类别,这些社会类别以历史研究尚未探索的方式决定了人们在社会中的位置。本文探讨了宵禁如何建立模式和方法来限制在城市中移动的基本自由。到了晚上,巴西法学家们所称的“来来去去的自由”的必要性和脆弱性开始显现。白天和黑夜之间的日常转变促成了法律变化,虽然在国家层面上是看不见的,但从根本上塑造了社会类别,这些社会类别以历史研究尚未探索的方式决定了人们在社会中的位置。
更新日期:2020-01-01
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