Drawing on never-before-utilized archival and oral sources, “Making Peasants Chef” contends that decades of peasant marginalization from political power created the social and political conditions for the rise of the infamous tonton makout militia under the dictator Francois Duvalier. After coming to power in 1957, Duvalier militarized and rearmed peasants in exchange for their loyalty. Thousands of previously ostracized peasants enlisted in the dreaded makout militia to access status and political power. This explains why the peasant-based militia formed an arm of state repression. With the support of an armed peasantry, Duvalier successfully repressed the political opposition, allowing the regime to stay in power for almost three decades.

中文翻译：

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让农民成为主厨：1957 年至 1971 年弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃独裁统治期间海地农村的通顿马库特民兵和恐怖道德政治

“让农民成为厨师”利用以前从未使用过的档案和口头资料，认为数十年来农民被政治权力边缘化，为独裁者弗朗索瓦·杜瓦利埃领导下臭名昭著的 tonton makout 民兵的崛起创造了社会和政治条件。1957年上台后，杜瓦利埃将农民军事化并武装起来，以换取他们的忠诚。成千上万以前被排斥的农民加入了可怕的 makout 民兵，以获得地位和政治权力。这就解释了为什么以农民为基础的民兵形成了国家镇压的一支力量。在武装农民的支持下，杜瓦利埃成功镇压了政治反对派，使政权得以执政近三年。