Like many other American corporations, Intel was outcompeted in manufacturing by Japanese firms in the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s. By 1985, it became clear that the corporation's weakness in production endangered its long-term survival. Responding to the Japanese challenge, Intel's upper management instigated a fundamental reform of manufacturing. At their behest, production engineers and managers adopted Japanese manufacturing technologies and operating procedures. They put microchip fabrication on a scientific footing. They developed new ways of transferring processes from development to production and standardized the firm's factories. This major transformation enabled Intel to reach manufacturing parity with Japanese chipmakers by the early 1990s.

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面对日本的挑战：英特尔制造业的复兴

与许多其他美国公司一样，英特尔在 1970 年代末和 1980 年代上半叶在制造方面被日本公司击败。到 1985 年，很明显该公司在生产方面的弱点危及它的长期生存。为应对日本的挑战，英特尔的高层管理人员发起了一场根本性的制造业改革。在他们的要求下，生产工程师和管理人员采用了日本的制造技术和操作程序。他们将微芯片制造置于科学的基础之上。他们开发了将流程从开发转移到生产的新方法，并使公司的工厂标准化。这一重大转变使英特尔在 1990 年代初达到了与日本芯片制造商的制造水平。