Using original survey data, we test the level, distribution, and demographic patterns of populist attitudes in Indonesia. Populist attitudes are widely spread across the political spectrum; disproportionately high in the middle and upper classes; and particularly robust when coupled with other primary ideologies, such as Islamism and secularism.

中文翻译：

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分析印度尼西亚的民粹主义选民

使用原始调查数据，我们测试了印度尼西亚民粹主义态度的水平、分布和人口统计模式。民粹主义态度在政治领域广泛传播；中上层阶级不成比例地高；当与其他主要意识形态（例如伊斯兰主义和世俗主义）结合时，尤其强大。