This manuscript provides an overview of state-level research on penal change in the United States in the latter half of the twentieth century. It outlines how research focused on developments in the states provides unique insights into the forces that helped drive mass incarceration and has generated rich historical accounts of how mass incarceration emerged within specific contexts. It charts some of the new theorizing that has emerged from state case studies, including those emphasizing how penal change is characterized by conflict and others that conceptualize state developments as they interact with federal processes. These insights are then considered against broader national theories of punishment. The manuscript outlines how some of the key forces operating at the state level, including penal cultures, institutional structures, and interest-group activism, conditioned state penal trajectories. Lastly, the piece identifies potential avenues for future state-level research on the forces shaping penal...

中文翻译：

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各种形式的大规模监禁：我们从国家历史中学到的东西

该手稿概述了二十世纪下半叶美国对刑法改革的州级研究。它概述了专注于各州发展的研究如何对有助于推动大规模监禁的力量提供了独特的见解，并产生了关于大规模监禁如何在特定背景下出现的丰富历史记载。它描绘了一些来自州案例研究的新理论，包括那些强调刑事变革如何以冲突为特征的理论，以及其他一些在与联邦程序互动的过程中概念化州发展的理论。然后，将这些见解与更广泛的国家刑罚理论进行对比。该手稿概述了一些关键力量如何在州一级运作，包括刑法文化，体制结构，和利益集团行动主义，条件状态的刑罚轨迹。最后，该文章确定了未来国家层面对影响刑罚的力量进行研究的潜在途径。