This paper uses the links between children born between 1800 and 1919 and their parents in 12 rural Aragonese villages to analyze the role of fathers in the survival, health, and lifespan of children. The researchers compared the effect of being fatherless (or being motherless) to having both parents alive. The results show that being fatherless increased the probability of death during childhood. Moreover, fatherlessness reduced the average age of death as an adult, a child’s average height, the probability that a child is literate, the child’s socioeconomic status, and the individual’s age at marriage.

中文翻译：

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“像父亲一样，像儿子一样”：在十九世纪和二十世纪的西班牙农村，父亲的重要性

本文利用1800年至1919年之间出生的孩子与12个阿拉贡农村村庄的父母之间的联系来分析父亲在孩子的生存，健康和寿命中的作用。研究人员比较了无父母（或无母亲）与父母双方都活着的影响。结果表明，没有父亲的孩子增加了儿童死亡的可能性。此外，无父之辈降低了成年人的平均死亡年龄，儿童的平均身高，儿童识字的可能性，儿童的社会经济地位以及个人的结婚年龄。