High ambient temperatures are a critical challenge in the poultry industry which is a key producer of the animal-based food. To evaluate heat stress levels, various parameters have been used, including growth rates, blood metabolites, and hormones. The most recent advances have explored expression profiling of genes that may play vital roles under stress. A high ambient temperature adversely affects nutrient uptake and is known to modulate the expression of genes encoding for sodium-dependent glucose transporters, glucose transporters, excitatory amino acid transporters, and fatty acid-binding proteins which are responsible for the absorption of macronutrients in the intestine. Various defensive activities are stimulated to protect the cell of different tissues from the heat-generated stress, including expression of early stress response genes coding for heat shock protein (HSP), c-FOS like protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS); antioxidant enzyme genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX4); and immune-related genes such as cytokines and toll-like receptors (TLRs). The potential role of HSPs in protecting the cell from stress and their presence in several tissues make them suitable markers to be evaluated under heat stress. BDNF and c-FOS genes expressed in the hypothalamus help cells to adapt to an adverse environment. Heat causes damage to the cell by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NOX4 gene is the inducer of ROS under heat stress, which is in turns controlled by antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT. TLRs are responsible for protecting against pathogenic attacks arising from enhanced membrane permeability, and cytokines help in controlling the pathogen and maintaining homeostasis. Thus, the evaluation of nutrient transporters and defense mechanisms using the latest molecular biology tools has made it possible to shed light on the complex cellular mechanism of heat-stressed chickens. As the impacts of heat stress on the above-mentioned aspects are beyond the extent to which the reduced growth performance could be explained, heat stress has more specific effects on the regulation of these genes than previously thought. Effect of heat exposure on the nutrient transporters, antioxidants, and immune inflammation in chickens. Most of the nutrient transporters were suppressed under heat stress. Increase in the production of reactive oxygen species resulted in enhanced production of antioxidant enzymes. Expression of various proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors were enhanced due to heat stress in chicken.

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热应激对鸡基因表达的调控

高环境温度是家禽业的关键挑战，而家禽业是动物性食品的主要生产商。为了评估热应激水平，已使用了各种参数，包括生长速率，血液代谢产物和激素。最新进展已探索了在压力下可能起重要作用的基因的表达谱。高温会不利地影响养分的吸收，并且已知其会调节负责肠道中大量营养素吸收的钠依赖性葡萄糖转运蛋白，葡萄糖转运蛋白，兴奋性氨基酸转运蛋白和脂肪酸结合蛋白的编码基因的表达。 。刺激了各种防御活动，以保护不同组织的细胞免受热产生的压力，包括编码热休克蛋白（HSP），c-FOS样蛋白，脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和神经元一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）的早期应激反应基因的表达；抗氧化酶基因，例如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶（NOX4）；以及与免疫相关的基因，例如细胞因子和Toll样受体（TLR）。HSPs在保护细胞免受压力作用中的潜在作用及其在多种组织中的存在，使其成为在热应激条件下评估的合适标志物。下丘脑中表达的BDNF和c-FOS基因可帮助细胞适应不利的环境。热量会通过产生活性氧（ROS）对细胞造成损害。NOX4基因是热应激下ROS的诱导剂，依次由抗氧化酶（如SOD和CAT）控制。TLR负责防止因膜通透性增强而引起的病原体侵袭，而细胞因子则有助于控制病原体和维持体内平衡。因此，使用最新的分子生物学工具对营养转运蛋白和防御机制进行评估，使我们有可能阐明热应激鸡的复杂细胞机制。由于热应激对上述方面的影响超出了可以解释的生长性能下降的程度，因此热应激对这些基因的调控比以前认为的更具特异性。暴露于热对鸡的营养转运蛋白，抗氧化剂和免疫炎症的影响。大多数营养转运蛋白在热胁迫下被抑制。活性氧种类的产生增加导致抗氧化酶的产生增加。由于鸡的热应激，各种促炎细胞因子和toll样受体的表达得以增强。