Climate warming changes the phenology of many species. When interacting organisms respond differently, climate change may disrupt their interactions and affect the stability of ecosystems. Here, we used GBIF occurrence records to examine phenology trends in plants and their associated insect pollinators in Germany since the 1980s. We found strong phenological advances in plants, but differences in the extent of shifts among pollinator groups. The temporal trends in plant and insect phenologies were generally associated with interannual temperature variation, and thus likely driven by climate change. When examining the synchrony of species-level plant-pollinator interactions, their temporal trends differed among pollinator groups. Overall, plant-pollinator interactions become more synchronized, mainly since the phenology of plants responded more strongly to climate change than that of the pollinators. However, if the observed trends continue, many interactions may become more asynchronous again in the future. Our study suggests that climate change affects the phenologies of both plants and insects, and that it also influences the synchrony of plant-pollinator interactions.

中文翻译：

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气候变暖改变植物和传粉媒介的同步性

气候变暖改变了许多物种的物候。当相互作用的生物反应不同时，气候变化可能会破坏它们的相互作用并影响生态系统的稳定性。在这里，我们使用 GBIF 发生记录来检查自 1980 年代以来德国植物及其相关昆虫传粉媒介的物候趋势。我们发现植物的物候学取得了巨大的进步，但传粉者群体之间的变化程度存在差异。植物和昆虫物候的时间趋势通常与年际温度变化有关，因此可能是由气候变化驱动的。在检查物种水平植物-传粉媒介相互作用的同步性时，它们的时间趋势在传粉媒介组之间存在差异。总体而言，植物与传粉者的相互作用变得更加同步，主要是因为植物物候对气候变化的反应比传粉媒介更强烈。但是，如果观察到的趋势继续下去，将来许多交互可能会再次变得更加异步。我们的研究表明，气候变化会影响植物和昆虫的物候，并且还会影响植物与传粉媒介相互作用的同步性。