Exocytosis is one of the essential steps for chemical signal transmission between neurons. In this process, vesicles dock and fuse with the plasma membrane and release the stored neurotransmitters through fusion pores into the extracellular space, and all of these steps are governed with various molecules, such as proteins, ions, and even lipids. Quantitatively monitoring vesicular neurotransmitter release in exocytosis and initial neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles is significant for the study of chemical signal transmission of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurological diseases. Electrochemistry with micro/nanoelectrodes exhibits great spatial–temporal resolution and high sensitivity. It can be used to examine the exocytotic kinetics from the aspect of neurotransmitters and quantify the neurotransmitter storage in individual vesicles. In this review, we first introduce the recent advances of single-cell amperometry (SCA) and the nanoscale interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (nanoITIES), which can monitor the quantity and release the kinetics of electrochemically and non-electrochemically active neurotransmitters, respectively. Then, the development and application of the vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (VIEC) and intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC) and their combination with other advanced techniques can further explain the mechanism of neurotransmitter storage in vesicles before exocytosis. It has been proved that these electrochemical techniques have great potential in the field of neuroscience.

胞吐作用是神经元之间化学信号传递的重要步骤之一。在此过程中，囊泡与质膜对接并融合，并通过融合孔将储存的神经递质释放到细胞外空间，所有这些步骤都由各种分子控制，如蛋白质，离子，甚至脂质。定量监测胞吐作用中囊泡神经递质的释放和单个囊泡中初始神经递质的储存对于研究中枢神经系统（CNS）和神经系统疾病的化学信号传递具有重要意义。微/纳米电极的电化学表现出很大的时空分辨率和高灵敏度。它可用于从神经递质的角度检查胞吐动力学，并量化单个小泡中神经递质的储存量。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍单细胞安培分析法（SCA）的最新进展以及两种不混溶的电解质溶液之间的纳米级界面（nanoITIES），它们可以分别监测电化学和非电化学活性神经递质的数量并释放动力学。 。然后，囊泡冲击电化学细胞计数法（VIEC）和细胞内囊泡冲击电化学细胞计数法（IVIEC）的发展和应用，以及它们与其他先进技术的结合，可以进一步解释胞吐前胞膜中神经递质的储存机理。