Compositae accounts for ca. 10% of all flowering plants, being found in nearly all types of habitats worldwide. The family is particularly diverse in markedly dry and seasonal habitats, raising questions about what processes led to diversification in these challenging environments. The presence of C₄ and CAM metabolism in some Compositae taxa has been known since the 1970s, and although some of these taxa have been extensively studied, such as Flaveria, there has been no systematic effort in gathering and reviewing data about photosynthesis metabolism in the family in the last few decades. In the present paper, we gathered data from more than 50 articles, spanning several different methods, raising information on photosynthesis metabolism for more than 400 Compositae species. We also present newly acquired carbon isotope data for 66 species, mostly from previously unsampled tribes. We analyzed photosynthesis metabolism in the tribe Tageteae using a phylogeny and ancestral character reconstruction. C₄ photosynthesis in Compositae is restricted to two tribes: Tageteae, where it had two independent origins, and Coreopsideae, where it seems to have arisen only once. CAM metabolism is found in succulent members of tribe Senecioneae, and in Astereae and Eupatorieae, with an unknown number of evolutionary origins. We discuss the evolutionary implications of the results and propose future directions for studying photosynthesis metabolism in the family.

中文翻译：

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菊科植物的光合作用代谢：当前的知识和未来的方向

菊科约占。在全世界几乎所有类型的栖息地中都发现了所有开花植物的10％。这个家庭在明显干燥和季节性的栖息地中特别多样化，这引发了人们对在这些充满挑战的环境中导致多样化的过程的质疑。自1970年代以来，人们就知道一些菊科类群中C ₄和CAM代谢的存在，尽管其中一些类群已经得到了广泛的研究，例如Flaveria。，在过去的几十年中，没有进行系统的工作来收集和审查该家庭中有关光合作用代谢的数据。在本文中，我们从50多种文章中收集了数据，这些数据跨越了几种不同的方法，从而为400多种菊科植物提供了有关光合作用代谢的信息。我们还提供了66种新近获得的碳同位素数据，这些数据主要来自先前未采样的部落。我们使用系统发育和祖先特征重建分析了万寿菊部落的光合作用代谢。C ₄菊科的光合作用仅限于两​​个部落：万寿菊（Tageteae）有两个独立的起源；金鸡菊科（Coreopsideae）似乎只出现了一次。CAM代谢发现于塞内科族的肉质成员中，以及在紫苑和紫茎科中，它们的进化起源数量未知。我们讨论了结果的进化意义，并提出了研究家庭光合作用代谢的未来方向。