The foot‐sole cutaneous receptors (section 2), their function in stance control (sway minimisation, exploratory role) (2.1), and the modulation of their effects by gait pattern and intended behaviour (2.2) are reviewed. Experimental manipulations (anaesthesia, temperature) (2.3 and 2.4) have shown that information from foot sole has widespread influence on balance. Foot‐sole stimulation (2.5) appears to be a promising approach for rehabilitation. Proprioceptive information (3) has a pre‐eminent role in balance and gait. Reflex responses to balance perturbations are produced by both leg and foot muscle stretch (3.1) and show complex interactions with skin input at both spinal and supra‐spinal levels (3.2), where sensory feedback is modulated by posture, locomotion and vision. Other muscles, notably of neck and trunk, contribute to kinaesthesia and sense of orientation in space (3.3). The effects of age‐related decline of afferent input are variable under different foot‐contact and visual conditions (3.4). Muscle force diminishes with age and sarcopenia, affecting intrinsic foot muscles relaying relevant feedback (3.5). In neuropathy (4), reduction in cutaneous sensation accompanies the diminished density of viable receptors (4.1). Loss of foot‐sole input goes along with large‐fibre dysfunction in intrinsic foot muscles. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of falling, and vision and vestibular compensation strategies may be inadequate (4.2). From Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth 1A disease (4.3) we have become aware of the role of spindle group II fibres and of the anatomical feet conditions in balance control. Lastly (5) we touch on the effects of nerve stimulation onto cortical and spinal excitability, which may participate in plasticity processes, and on exercise interventions to reduce the impact of neuropathy.

中文翻译：

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来自足部的皮肤和肌肉传入和感觉融合处理：神经病的生理学和病理学

脚底皮肤感受器（第 2 节）、它们在姿态控制中的功能（摆动最小化、探索性作用）(2.1) 以及步态模式和预期行为对它们的影响的调节 (2.2) 进行了审查。实验操作（麻醉、温度）（2.3 和 2.4）表明，来自足底的信息对平衡有广泛的影响。足底刺激 (2.5) 似乎是一种很有前景的康复方法。本体感觉信息 (3) 在平衡和步态方面具有卓越的作用。对平衡扰动的反射反应由腿部和足部肌肉拉伸 (3.1) 产生，并在脊柱和脊柱上水平 (3.2) 显示与皮肤输入的复杂相互作用，其中感觉反馈受姿势、运动和视觉调节。其他肌肉，特别是颈部和躯干的肌肉，有助于运动觉和空间方向感 (3.3)。在不同的足部接触和视觉条件下，年龄相关的传入输入下降的影响是可变的 (3.4)。肌肉力量随着年龄和肌肉减少症而减弱，影响传递相关反馈的内在足部肌肉 (3.5)。在神经病 (4) 中，皮肤感觉的降低伴随着活受体密度的降低 (4.1)。足底输入的丧失伴随着足部内在肌肉的大纤维功能障碍。糖尿病患者跌倒的风险升高，视力和前庭代偿策略可能不足 (4.2)。从 Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A 病 (4.3) 开始，我们已经意识到纺锤体 II 组纤维和足部解剖条件在平衡控制中的作用。